Photoprotection assessment of olive (Olea europaea L.) leaves extract standardized to oleuropein: In vitro and in silico approach for improved sunscreens.

Olive leaves contain higher amount of polyphenols than olive oil and represent a waste product from olive harvest and pruning of olive trees. The most abundant compound in olive leaves is oleuropein. Benefits of the topical application of olive leaves extract were previously reported, but little information is available on its photoprotective potential and the result of the association of this extract with organic UV filters in topical sunscreen formulations. The olive leaves extract photoprotective potential is less explored for both oral and topical photoprotection in comparison with other plants extracts and polyphenols, such as Polypodium leucotomos extract and resveratrol. There are increasing efforts towards developing more efficient sunscreens and a photoprotection assessement along with a better understanding of the photochemistry of naturally occurring sunscreens could aid the design of new and improved commercial sunscreen formulations. This study was designed to investigate the photoprotective potential of olive leaves extract standardized for oleuropein performing a set of in vitro and in silico tools as an innovative approach, highlighting yeast assays, in vitro Sun Protection Factor (SPF) and molecular modelling studies of UV absorption. This study supports the use of olive leaves extract for photoprotection, as an effective photoprotective, anti-mutagenic and antioxidant active, also showing a synergistic effect in association with UV filters with an improvement on in vitro SPF of sunscreen formulations.

Phototoxic assessment of a sunscreen formulation and its excipients: An in vivo and in vitro study.

BACKGROUND: Cosmetic preservatives are used to protect cosmetic formulations and improve its shelf-life. However, these substances may exert phototoxic effects when used under sunlight. OBJECTIVE: To assess safety, efficacy and putative phototoxic effects of a sunscreen formulation SPF 30 and its excipients. MATERIALS/METHODS: Irradiation was performed with solar simulated light (SSL) and the sunscreen from the School of Pharmacy/UFRJ/Brazil. We used albino hairless mice in different groups (control (G1), only irradiated (G2), sunscreen plus irradiation (G3) and vehicle plus irradiation (G4) for morphological assessment and immunefluorescence detection to OKL38. In vitro analyses were with a Saccharomyces cerevisiae (SC) strain plus SSL in the presence of methylparaben, propylparaben, imidazolidinyl urea, aminomethyl propanol and their association. RESULTS: G3 and G4 displayed photosensitization leading to thickening of the epidermis and increased dermal cellularity. G4 displayed strong OKL38 labeling when compared with other groups. Aminomethyl propanol, methylparaben and propylparaben are endowed with phototoxic activity against SC. Propylparaben displayed the highest phototoxic effect, followed by excipients association. CONCLUSIONS: The sunscreen's vehicle is endowed with phototoxic activity. Propylparaben was the most phototoxic agent, increasing the overall phototoxicity of excipient association, pointing to a critical concern regarding vehicle associations intended to cosmetic purposes.

[Pharmaceutical care and attention suspended: compromise-formations between pharmacy and psychoanalysis [corrected]]. / Atenção Farmacêutica e Atenção Flutuante: formações de compromisso entre Farmácia e Psicanálise.

This paper presents an interdisciplinary overview of the rational use of medicine from a metapsychological standpoint. The need to reinstate the activity of the pharmaceutical professionals vis-à-vis their patients through pharmaceutical care demands the intervention of new know-how that can ensure a revitalization of this human relationship. In this sense, by means of a compilation of passages from the works of Freud, some of the most important metapsychological concepts were presented: psychic apparatus, evenly hovering attention and commitment formations. These concepts were then presented as an applicable theoretical tool for qualitative analysis in pharmaceutical care, though especially for participant observation. Thus, the main objective was to provide new tools for the pharmacists in terms of listening and receptivity, which can enhance their professional routine regarding the relationship with their patients, as well as in the gathering and interpretation of qualitative data concerning human issues involving pharmaceutical care.

Atencao Farmaceutica e Atencao Flutuante: formacoes de compromisso entre Farmacia e Psicanalise / Pharmaceutical care and suspended attention: compromise-formations between pharmacy and psychoanalysis

O presente trabalho apresenta uma visão interdisciplinar do uso racional do medicamento a partir de uma perspectiva metapsicológica. A necessidade de resgate da atuação do profissional farmacêutico junto ao paciente, através da Atenção Farmacêutica, demanda a intervenção de novos saberes que possam proporcionar uma revitalização desta relação humana. Neste sentido, através de uma compilação de passagens da obra freudiana, foram apresentados alguns dos principais conceitos metapsicológicos: aparelho psíquico, atenção flutuante e formações de compromisso. Tais conceitos foram então apresentados como ferramenta teórica articulável com análises qualitativas em Atenção Farmacêutica, mais particularmente com a observação participante. Assim, os objetivos principais foram de fornecer ao farmacêutico novas ferramentas de escuta e acolhimento que podem aprimorar a atuação profissional na relação com seu paciente, assim como na obtenção e interpretação de dados qualitativos relacionados às questões humanas envolvidas nas pesquisas em Atenção Farmacêutica.

This paper presents an interdisciplinary overview of the rational use of medicine from a metapsychological standpoint. The need to reinstate the activity of the pharmaceutical professionals vis-à-vis their patients through pharmaceutical care demands the intervention of new know-how that can ensure a revitalization of this human relationship. In this sense, by means of a compilation of passages from the works of Freud, some of the most important metapsychological concepts were presented: psychic apparatus, evenly hovering attention and commitment formations. These concepts were then presented as an applicable theoretical tool for qualitative analysis in pharmaceutical care, though especially for participant observation. Thus, the main objective was to provide new tools for the pharmacists in terms of listening and receptivity, which can enhance their professional routine regarding the relationship with their patients, as well as in the gathering and interpretation of qualitative data concerning human issues involving pharmaceutical care.