ABSTRACT
The effects of non-nutritive sweeteners (NNS) on the gut microbiota are an area of increasing research interest due to their potential influence on weight gain, insulin resistance, and inflammation. Studies have shown that mice and rats fed saccharin develop weight gain and metabolic alterations, possibly related to changes in gut microbiota. Here, we hypothesized that chronic exposure to a commercial NNS would change the gut microbiota composition in Wistar rats when compared to sucrose exposure. To test this hypothesis, Wistar rats were fed either NNS- or sucrose-supplemented yogurt for 17 weeks alongside standard chow (ad libitum). The gut microbiome was assessed by 16S rDNA deep sequencing. Assembly and quantification were conducted using the Brazilian Microbiome Project pipeline for Ion Torrent data with modifications. Statistical analyses were performed in the R software environment. We found that chronic feeding of a commercial NNS-sweetened yogurt to Wistar rats, within the recommended dose range, did not significantly modify gut microbiota composition in comparison to sucrose-sweetened yogurt. Our findings do not support the hypothesis that moderate exposure to NNS is associated with changes in gut microbiota pattern compared to sucrose, at least in this experimental model.
ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Non-nutritive sweeteners (NNS) have been associated with increased prevalence of obesity. In previous studies, we demonstrated that saccharin could induce an increase in weight gain either when compared to sucrose or to a non-sweetened control at a similar total caloric intake. These data raised the hypothesis that reduced energy expenditure (EE) could be a potential mechanism explaining greater weight gain with saccharin use in rats. The aim of the present study was to compare long-term energy expenditure at rest between rats using saccharin or sucrose and correlate it with weight gain. . METHODS: In the present study, we examine the potential impact of saccharin compared to sucrose in the EE of Wistar rats. In a controlled experiment of 17 weeks, 24 Wistar rats were divided into 2 groups: saccharin-sweetened yogurt (SAC) or sucrose-sweetened yogurt (SUC), plus a free chow diet. Only rats that consumed at least 70% of the offered yogurt were included. EE (kcal/day) was determined at rest through open circuit indirect calorimetry system in the early post-absorptive period with determinations of both VO2 consumption and CO2 production. Measurements were evaluated at baseline, 5 and 12 weeks of dietary intervention. Weight gain, caloric intake (from yogurt, from chow and total) were determined weekly. RESULTS: Body weight and EE were similar between groups at baseline: (p = .35) and (p = .67) respectively. At the end of the study, SAC increased total weight gain significantly more in relation to SUC (p = .03). Cumulative total caloric intake (yogurt plus chow) was similar between groups during the whole period (p = .54). At 12 weeks, the EE was smaller in SAC compared to SUC (p = .009). Considering both groups, there was a strong negative correlation between total weight gain and change in EE observed [r(20) = -.61, p = .003]. However, when analyzing the groups separately we found that SUC maintained this inverse correlation [r(8) = -.68, p = .03], while SAC did not [r(10) = -.33, p = .29]. CONCLUSION: These data support the hypothesis that long-term use of saccharin may blunt post-absorptive EE at rest in Wistar rats, which is related to weight gain. On the other hand, long-term sucrose intake can increase energy expenditure in rats. This effect combined can explain, at least partially, the weight gain increases associated to saccharin in relation to sucrose in these animals.
ABSTRACT
Introdução: A nutrição desempenha papel fundamental nas doenças renais. A recomendação nutricional deve ofertar uma dieta hiperproteica, adequada em energia e fósforo segundo o Kidney Disease Oucomes Quality Initiative (K/DOQI). É necessário controlar e/ou prevenir as complicações da Doença Renal Crônica (DRC), pois ela impõe desafios clínicos diretamente ligados ao estado nutricional. objetivo: Investigar as associações entre a ingestão energética, proteica e de fósforo em pacientes em hemodiálise (HD). Pacientes e Métodos: Estudo observacional envolvendo 72 pacientes em HD, em dois hospitais de Porto Alegre/RS/Brasil. Foram coletados dados referentes ao perfil antropométrico (peso, altura e índice de massa corporal - IMC) e do registro alimentar de três dias (ingestão de energia, proteína e fósforo). O teste de correlação de Spearman foi utilizado para avaliar as associações entre variáveis do registro alimentar (p<0,05). resultados: A ingestão energética, proteica e de fósforo foi respectivamente, de 28 +- 10,0 Kcal/Kg, 1,1 +- 0,4 g ptn/Kg, 958 +- 374 mg/dia, estando os níveis de energia e proteína abaixo das recomendações do K/DOQI. Observou-se correlação positiva forte entre as variáveis. Discussão: o perfil no tratamento nutricional é fundamental, pois houve correlações entre os nutrientes. É importante salientar que as recomendações do K/DOQI não conseguem ser atingidas pelos pacientes. Conclusão: Há associação positiva entre a ingestão de energia, proteína e fósforo na alimentação de pacientes em HD. o controle desses nutrientes na dieta é essencial, pois auxilia no controle das complicações relacionadas com a DRC. Assim, a avaliação nutricional é importante nas unidades de diálise para definir o perfil dietético dos pacientes e que seja feito o ajuste de suas prescrições.
Introduction: Nutrition plays vital role in kidney disease. The recommendation to offer a nutritional dietary protein levels, adequate energy and phosphorus Oucomes according to the Kidney Disease Quality Initiative (K / DOQI). It is necessary to control and / or prevent the complications of Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD), as it requires clinical challenges directly related to nutritional status. Objective: To investigate the associations between energy intake, protein and phosphorus in patients on hemodialysis (HD). Methods: An observational study involving 72 patients on HD, in two hospitals in Porto Alegre / RS / Brazil. We collected data on the anthropometric (weight, height and body mass index - BMI) and the three-day food record (energy intake, protein and phosphorus). The Spearman correlation test was used to evaluate the associations between variables in the food record (p <0.05). Results: Energy intake, protein and phosphorus were respectively 28 + - 10.0 kcal / kg, 1.1 + - 0.4 g ptn / kg, 958 + - 374 mg / day, when energy levels and protein following the recommendations of K / DOQI. We observed strong positive correlation between the variables. Discussion: the profile in the nutritional treatment is essential, since there was correlation between nutrients. Importantly, the recommendations of K / DOQI can not be achieved by the patients. Conclusion: There is positive association between intake of energy, protein and phosphorus in the diet of patients on HD. control of these nutrients in the diet is essential, since it helps in controlling the complications of CKD. Thus, nutritional assessment is important in dialysis to define the diet profile of patients and that is made to fit your requirements.
