[Mortality of women with reported violence during pregnancy in Brazil: a case-control study]. / Mortalidade de mulheres com notificação de violência durante a gravidez no Brasil: um estudo caso-controle.

This study aimed to characterize the main causes of death of women with notification of interpersonal violence during pregnancy and to identify the factors associated with these deaths. This is a case-control study conducted based on relating data on violence to deaths that occurred in Brazil from 2011 to 2017. Data from the Braziliam Information System for Notificable Diseases and the Brazilian Mortality Information System were analyzed using multiple logistic regression. The results showed that 56.4% of the deaths were due to external causes, and 80.1% of which were due to femicide. The following risk factors associated with death were identified: age group from 30 to 39 years (OR = 2.53; 95%CI: 1.01-6.59); firearm assault (OR = 14.21; 95%CI: 4.58-31.86); and by piercing-cutting objects (OR = 4.45; 95%CI: 1.01-22.73). Being married/in a stable union (OR = 0.48; 95%CI: 0.24-0.93); having more than four years of schooling (OR = 0.21; 95%CI: 0.06-0.63); and living in municipalities with a population over 100,000 inhabitants (OR = 0.23; 95%CI: 0.10-0.52) were observed as protective factors. The study was important due to demonstrating the magnitude of femicide among women with notification of violence during pregnancy, as well as the weaknesses in producing information on the external causes of death in the pregnancy-puerperal period. The study also evinced the factors that make women vulnerable to death, reinforcing the urgent need for health professionals to screen for violence during pregnancy.

Objetivou-se caracterizar as principais causas de óbito de mulheres com notificação de violência interpessoal durante a gravidez e identificar os fatores associados a essas mortes. Trata-se de um estudo caso-controle realizado a partir da análise de dados sobre violência e óbitos ocorridos no Brasil entre 2011 e 2017. Os dados provenientes do Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação e do Sistema de Informação sobre Mortalidade foram analisados por meio da regressão logística múltipla. Os resultados mostraram que 56,4% dos óbitos foram em decorrência de causas externas, sendo 80,1% desses devido ao feminicídio. Identificou-se como fatores de risco associados ao óbito: faixa etária de 30 a 39 anos (OR = 2,53; IC95%: 1,01-6,59); agressão por arma de fogo (OR = 14,21; IC95%: 4,58-31,86) e por objeto perfurocortante (OR = 4,45; IC95%: 1,01-22,73). Como fatores de proteção, observou-se: ser casada/união estável (OR = 0,48; IC95%: 0,24-0,93); ter escolaridade acima de quatro anos (OR = 0,21; IC95%: 0,06-0,63) e residir em municípios com população acima de 100 mil habitantes (OR = 0,23; IC95%: 0,10-0,52). Esta pesquisa foi importante para demonstrar a magnitude do feminicídio entre mulheres com notificação de violência durante a gravidez, assim como as fragilidades na produção de informações sobre as causas externas de óbito no período gravídico-puerperal. Além disso, evidenciou-se os motivos que vulnerabilizam as mulheres para o óbito, reforçando a necessidade urgente do rastreamento pelos profissionais de saúde da violência na gestação.

Se pretende caracterizar las principales causas de muerte de las mujeres por violencia interpersonal durante el embarazo e identificar sus factores asociados. Se trata de un estudio de caso control, realizado a partir de la relación de datos sobre violencia y muertes ocurridas en Brasil entre 2011 y 2017. Los datos del Sistema de Información de Enfermedades de Notificación Obligatoria y del Sistema de Información de Mortalidad se analizaron mediante regresión logística múltiple. Los resultados mostraron que el 56,4% de las muertes se debieron a causas externas, de las cuales el 80,1% fueron feminicidios. Los factores de riesgo asociados con la muerte fueron: grupo de edad de entre 30 y 39 años (OR = 2,53; IC95%: 1,01-6,59), agresión con arma de fuego (OR = 14,21; IC95%: 4,58-31,86) y con objeto perforante (OR = 4,45; IC95%: 1,01-22,73). Respecto a los factores protectores, se observaron los siguientes: estar casada/unión estable (OR = 0,48; IC95%: 0,24-0,93), nivel de estudios superior a cuatro años (OR = 0,21; IC95%: 0,06-0,63) y vivir en municipios con una población superior a 100.000 habitantes (OR = 0,23; IC95%: 0,10-0,52). Este estudio fue clave por mostrar la magnitud del feminicidio entre mujeres con reporte de violencia durante el embarazo, así como las debilidades en la producción de información sobre las causas externas de muerte en el período de embarazo-puerperio. Además, destacó los factores que causan vulnerabilidad a las mujeres para la muerte, lo que refuerza la necesidad de que los profesionales de la salud examinen los casos de violencia durante el embarazo.

Descriptive study of reported cases of sexual violence and specialized care services in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil, 2019.

OBJECTIVE: to describe the sociodemographic profile of reported cases of sexual violence (SV) and the distribution of care services for this health condition in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil, 2019. METHODS: this was a descriptive study of the cases of sexual violence reported on the Notifiable Health Conditions Information System and care services registered in the National Health Establishment Registry. RESULTS: a total of 4,418 notifications of SV were identified during the study period, representing more than 12 notifications per day; the majority of notifications were among females (87.0%) and among children and adolescents (72.0%); the distribution of care services showed care gaps in four of the 14 health macro-regions of the state of Minas Gerais; the maximum distances traveled to access referral services ranged from 93 to 327 km. CONCLUSION: the scarcity of care services for people subjected to sexual violence in the micro-regions and macro-regions of Minas Gerais highlights the need for planning public policies aimed at increasing access to these services. MAIN RESULTS: Over 12 notifications of sexual violence were reported per day in the state of Minas Gerais in 2019, with a higher prevalence in females, children and adolescents, mixed-race/Black people. Care gaps were identified in four macro-regions of the state. IMPLICATIONS FOR SERVICES: There was a need for victims to travel long distances to receive care in municipalities with referral services for comprehensive care for sexual violence, which may hinder access and timely care. PERSPECTIVES: It is expected that the results can contribute to improving public policies, considering the need to strategically plan the location of specialized services for people subjected to sexual violence.

Estudo descritivo dos casos notificados de violência sexual e dos serviços de atendimento especializado em Minas Gerais, 2019 / Estudio descriptivo de los casos notificados de violencia sexual y de los servicios de atención especializada en Minas Gerais, Brasil, 2019 / Descriptive study of reported cases of sexual violence and specialized care services in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil, 2019

Objetivo: descrever o perfil sociodemográfico dos casos notificados de violência sexual (VS) e a distribuição dos serviços de atendimento ao agravo em Minas Gerais, Brasil, 2019. Métodos: estudo descritivo dos casos notificados no Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação e dos serviços registrados no Cadastro Nacional dos Estabelecimentos de Saúde. Resultados: foram identificadas 4.418 notificações de VS no período, correspondendo a mais de 12 notificações/dia; houve maior frequência de notificações no sexo feminino (87,0%) e entre crianças e adolescentes (72,0%); a distribuição dos serviços mostrou vazios assistenciais em quatro das 14 macrorregiões de saúde do estado; as distâncias máximas percorridas para atendimento em serviços de referência variaram de 93 a 327 km. Conclusão: a escassez de serviços de atendimento a pessoas em situação de VS nas microrregiões e macrorregiões de Minas Gerais sinalizam a necessidade de planejamento de políticas públicas visando aumentar o acesso a esses serviços.

Objetivo: describir el perfil sociodemográfico de los casos notificados de violencia sexual (VS) y la distribución de los servicios para esta condición. Métodos: estudio observacional descriptivo basado en datos del Sistema de Información de Enfermedades de Declaración Obligatoria y servicios registrados en el Registro Nacional de Estabelecimientos de Salud, en Minas Gerais, Brasil, en 2019. Resultados: se identificaron 4.418 notificaciones de SV que representan más de 12 notificaciones por día; los registros se centraron en el sexo femenino (87,0%), niños y adolescentes (72,0%); la distribución de los servicios mostró brechas de atención en cuatro macrorregiones entre las 14 existentes; la distancia máxima recorrida para asistencia en un servicio de referencia osciló entre 93 y 327 km. Conclusión: la escasez de servicios de atención a personas en situación de SV en las micro y macro regiones, indican la necesidad de planificación de políticas públicas para ampliar el acceso.

Objective: to describe the sociodemographic profile of reported cases of sexual iolence (SV) and the distribution of care services for this health condition in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil, 2019. Methods: this was a descriptive study of the cases of sexual violence reported on the Notifiable Health Conditions Information System and care services registered in the National Health Establishment Registry. Results: a total of 4,418 notifications of SV were identified during the study period, representing more than 12 notifications per day; the majority of notifications were among females (87.0%) and among children and adolescents (72.0%); the distribution of care services showed care gaps in four of the 14 health macro-regions of the state of Minas Gerais; the maximum distances traveled to access referral services ranged from 93 to 327 km. Conclusion: the scarcity of care services for people subjected to sexual violence in the micro-regions and macro-regions of Minas Gerais highlights the need for planning public policies aimed at increasing access to these services.

Mortalidade de mulheres com notificação de violência durante a gravidez no Brasil: um estudo caso-controle / Mortality of women with reported violence during pregnancy in Brazil: a case-control study / Mortalidad de mujeres por violencia reportada durante el embarazo en Brasil: un estudio de caso-control

Resumo: Objetivou-se caracterizar as principais causas de óbito de mulheres com notificação de violência interpessoal durante a gravidez e identificar os fatores associados a essas mortes. Trata-se de um estudo caso-controle realizado a partir da análise de dados sobre violência e óbitos ocorridos no Brasil entre 2011 e 2017. Os dados provenientes do Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação e do Sistema de Informação sobre Mortalidade foram analisados por meio da regressão logística múltipla. Os resultados mostraram que 56,4% dos óbitos foram em decorrência de causas externas, sendo 80,1% desses devido ao feminicídio. Identificou-se como fatores de risco associados ao óbito: faixa etária de 30 a 39 anos (OR = 2,53; IC95%: 1,01-6,59); agressão por arma de fogo (OR = 14,21; IC95%: 4,58-31,86) e por objeto perfurocortante (OR = 4,45; IC95%: 1,01-22,73). Como fatores de proteção, observou-se: ser casada/união estável (OR = 0,48; IC95%: 0,24-0,93); ter escolaridade acima de quatro anos (OR = 0,21; IC95%: 0,06-0,63) e residir em municípios com população acima de 100 mil habitantes (OR = 0,23; IC95%: 0,10-0,52). Esta pesquisa foi importante para demonstrar a magnitude do feminicídio entre mulheres com notificação de violência durante a gravidez, assim como as fragilidades na produção de informações sobre as causas externas de óbito no período gravídico-puerperal. Além disso, evidenciou-se os motivos que vulnerabilizam as mulheres para o óbito, reforçando a necessidade urgente do rastreamento pelos profissionais de saúde da violência na gestação.

Abstract: This study aimed to characterize the main causes of death of women with notification of interpersonal violence during pregnancy and to identify the factors associated with these deaths. This is a case-control study conducted based on relating data on violence to deaths that occurred in Brazil from 2011 to 2017. Data from the Braziliam Information System for Notificable Diseases and the Brazilian Mortality Information System were analyzed using multiple logistic regression. The results showed that 56.4% of the deaths were due to external causes, and 80.1% of which were due to femicide. The following risk factors associated with death were identified: age group from 30 to 39 years (OR = 2.53; 95%CI: 1.01-6.59); firearm assault (OR = 14.21; 95%CI: 4.58-31.86); and by piercing-cutting objects (OR = 4.45; 95%CI: 1.01-22.73). Being married/in a stable union (OR = 0.48; 95%CI: 0.24-0.93); having more than four years of schooling (OR = 0.21; 95%CI: 0.06-0.63); and living in municipalities with a population over 100,000 inhabitants (OR = 0.23; 95%CI: 0.10-0.52) were observed as protective factors. The study was important due to demonstrating the magnitude of femicide among women with notification of violence during pregnancy, as well as the weaknesses in producing information on the external causes of death in the pregnancy-puerperal period. The study also evinced the factors that make women vulnerable to death, reinforcing the urgent need for health professionals to screen for violence during pregnancy.

Resumen: Se pretende caracterizar las principales causas de muerte de las mujeres por violencia interpersonal durante el embarazo e identificar sus factores asociados. Se trata de un estudio de caso control, realizado a partir de la relación de datos sobre violencia y muertes ocurridas en Brasil entre 2011 y 2017. Los datos del Sistema de Información de Enfermedades de Notificación Obligatoria y del Sistema de Información de Mortalidad se analizaron mediante regresión logística múltiple. Los resultados mostraron que el 56,4% de las muertes se debieron a causas externas, de las cuales el 80,1% fueron feminicidios. Los factores de riesgo asociados con la muerte fueron: grupo de edad de entre 30 y 39 años (OR = 2,53; IC95%: 1,01-6,59), agresión con arma de fuego (OR = 14,21; IC95%: 4,58-31,86) y con objeto perforante (OR = 4,45; IC95%: 1,01-22,73). Respecto a los factores protectores, se observaron los siguientes: estar casada/unión estable (OR = 0,48; IC95%: 0,24-0,93), nivel de estudios superior a cuatro años (OR = 0,21; IC95%: 0,06-0,63) y vivir en municipios con una población superior a 100.000 habitantes (OR = 0,23; IC95%: 0,10-0,52). Este estudio fue clave por mostrar la magnitud del feminicidio entre mujeres con reporte de violencia durante el embarazo, así como las debilidades en la producción de información sobre las causas externas de muerte en el período de embarazo-puerperio. Además, destacó los factores que causan vulnerabilidad a las mujeres para la muerte, lo que refuerza la necesidad de que los profesionales de la salud examinen los casos de violencia durante el embarazo.

Violence Against LGB+ people in Brazil: analysis of the 2019 National Survey of Health / Violência contra pessoas LGB+ no Brasil: análise da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde 2019

ABSTRACT Objective: To analyze the association between self-reported sexual orientation and violence in the Brazilian population. Methods: This cross-sectional epidemiological study used the 2019 National Survey of Health database. Total violence and its subtypes (psychological, physical, and sexual) were analyzed in the previous 12 months. Prevalence and odds ratio adjusted for age group were estimated, with their respective 95% confidence intervals, according to the self-reported sexual orientation of the Brazilian population aged 18 years and older. Statistical significance was set at 5%. Results: Most of the Brazilian population self-identified as heterosexual (94.75%) and 1.89% as LGB+. This percentage was lower than that of respondents who refused to answer the question (2.28%). The prevalence of violence in the general population of Brazil was 18.27%, and the most common subtype was psychological violence (17.36%). The LGB+ population was more than twice as likely to experience any type of violence. LGB+ women had the highest prevalence in all violence subtypes, and heterosexual men had the lowest. LGB+ women were over three times more likely to experience physical violence compared to heterosexual ones. Meanwhile, the probability of LGB+ men experiencing sexual violence was almost eight times higher than in heterosexual men. Conclusion: The prevalence of violence against the LGB+ population was high in the country. Public policies aimed at this population are necessary to fight discrimination against sexual diversity and ensure the rights of non-heterosexual people.

RESUMO Objetivo: Analisar a associação entre a orientação sexual autoidentificada e a violência na população brasileira. Métodos: Estudo epidemiológico transversal que utilizou base de dados da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde 2019. Analisaram-se a violência total e seus subtipos (psicológica, física e sexual) nos 12 meses anteriores. Estimou-se a prevalência e a odds ratio ajustada por faixa etária, com seus respectivos intervalos de confiança de 95%, segundo orientação sexual autoidentificada da população acima de 18 anos no Brasil. Considerou-se a significância estatística de 5%. Resultados: A população brasileira autoidentificou-se majoritariamente como heterossexual (94,75%), e 1,89% identificou-se como LGB+. Esse percentual foi inferior ao de entrevistados que se recusaram a responder à pergunta (2,28%). A prevalência da violência na população geral do Brasil foi de 18,27%, sendo o subtipo mais comum a violência psicológica (17,36%). A população LGB+ apresentou mais que o dobro de chances de sofrer qualquer tipo de violência. As mulheres LGB+ apresentaram as maiores prevalências de todos os subtipos de violência e os homens heterossexuais, as menores. Mulheres LGB+ tiveram mais de três vezes mais chances de sofrer violência física, comparadas às mulheres heterossexuais. Enquanto isso, homens LGB+ mostraram chances quase oito vezes maiores de sofrer violência sexual que os homens heterossexuais. Conclusão: A violência contra a população LGB+ apresentou alta prevalência no país. São necessárias políticas públicas voltadas a essa população para que se enfrente o preconceito contra a diversidade sexual e seja possível garantir os direitos das pessoas não heterossexuais.

Violence Against LGB+ people in Brazil: analysis of the National Health Survey, 2019 / Violência contra pessoas LGB+ no Brasil: análise da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde, 2019

Objective: To analyze the association between self-reported sexual orientation and violence in the Brazilian population. Methods: Cross-sectional epidemiological study using the 2019 National Health Survey database. Total violence and its subtypes (psychological, physical, and sexual) in the last 12 months were analyzed. Prevalence and Adjusted Odds Ratio by age group were estimated, with their respective 95% confidence intervals, according to self-reported sexual orientation of the population over 18 years in Brazil. Statistical significance of 5% was considered. Results: The Brazilian population report themselves mostly as heterosexual (94.75%), and 1.89% declaring themselves LGB+. This percentage was lower than that of respondents who refused to answer the question (2.28%). The prevalence of violence in Brazil was 18.27%, the most common subtype being psychological violence (17.36%). The LGB+ population was more than twice as likely to experience any type of violence. LGB+ women had the highest prevalence of all subtypes of violence and heterosexual men the lowest. LGB+ women were more than three times more likely to experience physical violence compared to heterosexual women. Meanwhile, LGB+ men were almost eight times more likely to experience sexual violence than heterosexual men. Conclusions: Violence against the LGB+ population was highly prevalent in the country. Public Policies aimed at this population are necessary so that prejudice against sexual diversity is faced and it is possible to guarantee the rights of non-heterosexual people.

Objetivo: Analisar a associação entre a orientação sexual auto identificada e a violência na população brasileira. Métodos: Estudo epidemiológico transversal utilizando base de dados da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde 2019. Analisou-se a violência total e seus subtipos (psicológica, física e sexual) nos 12 meses anteriores. Estimou-se a prevalência e a Odds Ratio Ajustada por faixa etária, com seus respectivos intervalos de confiança de 95%, segundo orientação sexual auto identificada da população acima de 18 anos no Brasil. Considerou-se a significância estatística de 5%. Resultados: A população brasileira se auto identificou majoritariamente como heterossexual (94,75%), sendo que 1,89% se identificaram LGB+. Esse percentual foi inferior ao de entrevistados que se recusaram a responder à pergunta (2,28%). A prevalência da violência na população geral do Brasil foi de 18,27%, sendo o subtipo mais comum a violência psicológica (17,36%). A população LGB+ apresentou mais que o dobro de chances de sofrer qualquer tipo de violência. As mulheres LGB+ apresentaram as maiores prevalências de todos os subtipos de violência e os homens heterossexuais, as menores. Mulheres LGB+ tiveram mais de três vezes mais chances de sofrer violência física, comparadas as mulheres heterossexuais. Enquanto isso, homens LGB+ mostraram chances quase oito vezes maiores de sofrer violência sexual que os homens heterossexuais. Conclusões: A violência contra a população LGB+ apresentou alta prevalência no país. São necessárias Políticas Públicas voltadas a essa população para que se enfrente o preconceito contra a diversidade sexual e seja possível garantir os direitos das pessoas não-heterossexuais.

Prevalência de violência sexual em escolares no Brasil: dados da pesquisa nacional de saúde do escolar 2019 / Prevalencia de la violencia sexual en estudiantes en Brasil: datos de la encuesta nacional de salud escolar 2019 / Prevalence of sexual violence among schoolchildren in Brazil: data from the 2019 national school health

RESUMO Objetivo: analisar a prevalência de violência sexual entre escolares adolescentes de 13 a 17 anos no Brasil. Métodos: estudo transversal com dados da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde do Escolar de 2019. Foram analisadas as prevalências de abuso sexual e estupro e seus respectivos intervalos de confiança de 95% (IC95%) envolvendo escolares de 13 a 17 anos no Brasil, de acordo com sexo, faixa etária, tipo de instituição, agressor, região admisnistrativa de residência e unidades federadas. Resultados: a prevalência de abuso sexual entre escolares foi de 14,6% (IC95%:14,2;15,1) e de estupro foi de 6,3% (IC95%:6,0;6,6). Maiores prevalências ocorreram entre adolescentes do sexo feminino e da faixa etária de 16 e 17 anos. O agressor mais comum para ambos indicadores foi namorado(a), ex-namorado(a), ficante ou crush. Entre os escolares que sofreram estupro, mais da metade relatou ter sofrido essa violência antes dos 13 anos de idade (53,2%; IC95%: 51,0;55,4). Conclusão: a violência sexual tem elevada prevalência entre os escolares de 13 a 17 anos no Brasil, além de as agressões serem perpetradas, em sua maior parte, por pessoas do núcleo familiar e das relações íntimas e de afeto. É necessário que haja articulação intersetorial para desenvolver políticas públicas que atuem no enfrentamento ao problema.

RESUMEN Objetivo: analizar la prevalencia de la violencia sexual entre los estudiantes adolescentes de 13 a 17 años en Brasil. Métodos: estudio transversal con datos de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud Escolar 2019. Se analizó la prevalencia de abuso sexual y violación y sus respectivos intervalos de confianza del 95% (IC95%) que involucran a estudiantes de 13 a 17 años en Brasil, según sexo, grupo de edad, tipo de institución, agresor, región administrativa de residencia y unidades federadas. Resultados: la prevalencia de los abusos sexuales entre los estudiantes fue del 14,6% (IC95%:14,2;15,1) y de la violación fue del 6,3% (IC95%:6,0;6,6). La mayor prevalencia se dio entre las adolescentes mujeres y en el grupo de edad de 16 y 17 años. El agresor más común para ambos indicadores fue el novio/novia, ex novio, amante o enamorado. Entre los estudiantes que sufrieron una violación, más de la mitad declaró haber sufrido esta violencia antes de los 13 años (53,2%; IC95%: 51,0;55,4). Conclusión: la violencia sexual tiene una alta prevalencia entre los escolares de 13 a 17 años en Brasil, además de que las agresiones son perpetradas principalmente por personas del núcleo familiar y de las relaciones íntimas y afectivas. Es necesario que haya una articulación intersectorial para desarrollar políticas públicas que actúen para enfrentar el problema.

ABSTRACT Objective: to analyze the prevalence of sexual violence among schoolchildren aged from 13 to 17 years old in Brazil. Methods: a cross-sectional study conducted with data from the 2019 National School Health Survey. The prevalence values for sexual abuse and rape and their respective 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) involving students aged from 13 to 17 years old in Brazil were analyzed according to gender, age group, type of institution, aggressor, administrative region of residence and federated units. Results: the prevalence of sexual abuse among schoolchildren was 14.6% (95% CI: 14.2; 15.1) and the one for rape was 6.3% (95% CI: 6.0; 6.6). Higher prevalence values were found among female adolescents an in the age group of 16 and 17 years old. The most common aggressor for both indicators was boyfriend/girlfriend, ex-boyfriend, date or crush. Among the schoolchildren who were victims of rape, more than half reported having suffered this type of violence before 13 years of age (53.2%; 95% CI: 51.0; 55.4). Conclusion: sexual violence has high prevalence among schoolchildren aged from 13 to 17 years old in Brazil, in addition to the aggressions being mostly perpetrated by people from the family nucleus and by individuals with intimate and affection ties. Intersectoral articulation is necessary to develop public policies that act on coping with the problem.

Mortality and years of life lost to death or disability by interpersonal violence against women in Brazil: Global Burden of Disease Study, 1990 and 2019.

INTRODUCTION: Aggression against women is an important cause of morbidity and death. This study compares the variation of deaths and years of life lost to death or disability (DALY) caused by interpersonal violence against women in Brazil and its states. METHODS: This descriptive study analyzed estimates from the Global Burden of Disease Study (GBD) referring to interpersonal violence against women, aged 15 to 49 years, examining the mortality and DALY rates for Brazil and its states, in 1990 and 2019. RESULTS: In this study, 3,168 deaths of women between 15 and 49 years of age, caused by interpersonal violence, were estimated in 1990, and 4,262 in 2019, which represents an increase of 33.8%. Regardless of the Maria da Penha Law and the progress in policies for curbing violence against women, one can observe a stability in the mortality and DALY rates in most of the Brazilian states. Only Bahia had a significant increase in those rates, while Federal District, Rio de Janeiro, and São Paulo showed a significant decline. CONCLUSIONS: The rates of female homicide have remained stable when comparing 1990 and 2019. Although there were improvements in terms of women's rights in the early 2000's, the chauvinist and conservative society of Brazil has not been able to protect women, and the country might not reach the targets established by the UN's 2030 Agenda.

Mortality and years of life lost to death or disability by interpersonal violence against women in Brazil: Global Burden of Disease Study, 1990 and 2019

Abstract INTRODUCTION Aggression against women is an important cause of morbidity and death. This study compares the variation of deaths and years of life lost to death or disability (DALY) caused by interpersonal violence against women in Brazil and its states. METHODS This descriptive study analyzed estimates from the Global Burden of Disease Study (GBD) referring to interpersonal violence against women, aged 15 to 49 years, examining the mortality and DALY rates for Brazil and its states, in 1990 and 2019. RESULTS In this study, 3,168 deaths of women between 15 and 49 years of age, caused by interpersonal violence, were estimated in 1990, and 4,262 in 2019, which represents an increase of 33.8%. Regardless of the Maria da Penha Law and the progress in policies for curbing violence against women, one can observe a stability in the mortality and DALY rates in most of the Brazilian states. Only Bahia had a significant increase in those rates, while Federal District, Rio de Janeiro, and São Paulo showed a significant decline. CONCLUSIONS The rates of female homicide have remained stable when comparing 1990 and 2019. Although there were improvements in terms of women's rights in the early 2000's, the chauvinist and conservative society of Brazil has not been able to protect women, and the country might not reach the targets established by the UN's 2030 Agenda.

Prevalence and factors associated with intimate partner violence against adult women in Brazil: National Survey of Health, 2019.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence and factors associated with intimate partner violence against adult women in Brazil. METHODS: Quantitative cross-sectional epidemiological study using the database of the National Survey of Health 2019. The prevalence in the last 12 months and crude and adjusted prevalence ratios of intimate partner violence were calculated, stratified by sociodemographic characteristics. RESULTS: Intimate partner violence was reported by 7.60% of Brazilian women aged from 18 to 59 years, with higher prevalence among younger women (8.96%), black women (9.05%), those with lower education level (8.55%) and low income (8.68%). After adjusted analysis, the age groups of 18-24 years old (PRadj: 1.41) and 25-39 years old (PRadj: 1.42) and income lower than one minimum wage (PRadj: 1.55) remained associated with intimate partner violence. CONCLUSIONS: Intimate partner violence was associated with younger and poorest women. This result points to the need to develop intersectoral policies, especially those aimed at reducing social inequalities and at the coping with intimate partner violence among adult women.

Mortality among Brazilian adolescents and young adults between 1990 to 2019: an analysis of the Global Burden of Disease study. / Mortalidade de adolescentes e adultos jovens brasileiros entre 1990 e 2019: uma análise do estudo Carga Global de Doença.

Mortality indicators for Brazilians aged between 10 and 24 years old were analyzed. Data were obtained from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2019 Study, and absolute numbers, proportion of deaths and specific mortality rates from 1990 to 2019 were analyzed, according to age group (10 to 14, 15 to 19 and 20 to 24 years), sex and causes of death for Brazil, regions and Brazilian states. There was a reduction of 11.8% in the mortality rates of individuals aged between 10 and 24 years in the investigated period. In 2019, there were 13,459 deaths among women, corresponding to a reduction of 30.8% in the period. Among men there were 39,362 deaths, a reduction of only 6.2%. There was an increase in mortality rates in the North and Northeast and a reduction in the Southeast and South states. In 2019, the leading cause of death among women was traffic injuries, followed by interpersonal violence, maternal deaths and suicide. For men, interpersonal violence was the leading cause of death, especially in the Northeast, followed by traffic injuries, suicide and drowning. Police executions moved from 77th to 6th place. This study revealed inequalities in the mortality of adolescents and young adults according to sex, causes of death, regions and Brazilian states.

Trata-se de análise de indicadores de mortalidade de brasileiros com idades entre 10 e 24 anos. Foram analisados os dados do Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2019, utilizando números absolutos, proporção de óbitos e taxas de mortalidade específicas entre 1990 e 2019, segundo faixa etária (10 a 14, 15 a 19 e 20 a 24 anos), sexo e causas de morte para Brasil, regiões e estados brasileiros. Houve redução de 11,8% nas taxas de mortalidade de indivíduos com idades entre 10 e 24 anos no período investigado. Em 2019, ocorreram 13.459 mortes entre mulheres, correspondendo à redução de 30,8% no período. Entre homens ocorreram 39.362 óbitos, redução de apenas 6,2%. Houve aumento das taxas de mortalidade no Norte e Nordeste e redução em estados do Sudeste e Sul. Em 2019, entre mulheres a primeira causa de morte foram lesões por transporte, seguidas por violência interpessoal, mortes maternas e suicídio. Para os homens, a violência interpessoal foi a primeira causa de morte, em especial no Nordeste, seguida das lesões por transporte, do suicídio e dos afogamentos. Execuções policiais passaram do 77º para o 6º lugar. Este estudo revelou desigualdades na mortalidade de adolescentes e adultos jovens segundo sexo, causas de óbito, regiões e estados brasileiros.

Prevalence and associated factors to intimate partner violence against adult women in Brazil: National Health Survey, 2019 / Prevalência e fatores associados a violência por parceiro íntimo contra mulheres adultas no Brasil: Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde, 2019

Objective: To estimate the prevalence and associated factors to intimate partner violence against adult women in Brazil. and to characterize its associated factors. Methods: Quantitative cross-sectional epidemiological study using the database of the National Health Survey 2019. The prevalence in the last 12 months and crude and adjusted prevalence ratios of intimate partner violence were calculated, stratified by sociodemographic characteristics. Results: Intimate partner violence was reported by 7.6% of Brazilian women from 18 to 59 years old, with higher prevalence among younger women (8.96%), black women (9,05%), with lower education (8.55%) and low income (8.68%). After adjusted analysis, remained associated with intimate partner violence the age group 18 to 24 years old (1.41) and 25 to 39 years old (1.42) and lowest income (1.55). Conclusion: Intimate partner violence was associated to younger and poorest women. This result points to the need to develop intersectoral policies, especially the ones related to diminish the social inequalities and for coping with intimate partner violence among adult women.

Objetivo: Estimar a prevalência e os fatores associados à violência por parceiro íntimo sofrida por mulheres adultas no país. Métodos: Estudo epidemiológico transversal quantitativo utilizando base de dados da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde 2019. Foram calculadas as prevalências e razões de prevalência bruta e ajustada da violência por parceiro íntimo nos últimos 12 meses, segundo características sociodemográficas. Resultados: A violência por parceiro íntimo foi relatada por 7,60% das mulheres brasileiras de 18 a 59 anos, com maior prevalência entre as mais jovens (8,96%), aquelas que se autodeclararam pretas (9,05%), com menor escolaridade (8,55%) e baixa renda (8,68%). Após análise ajustada, permaneceu associada à violência por parceiro íntimo as faixas etárias, 18 a 24 anos (1,41) e 25 a 39 anos (1,42) e renda menor que 1SM (1,55). Conclusões: A violência por parceiro íntimo se associou as mulheres mais jovens e com pior renda. Esses resultados apontam a necessidade de desenvolvimento de políticas intersetoriais, especialmente as relacionadas a redução das desigualdades sociais e para o enfrentamento da violência por parceiro íntimo entre mulheres adultas.

Mortalidade de adolescentes e adultos jovens brasileiros entre 1990 e 2019: uma análise do estudo Carga Global de Doença / Mortality among Brazilian adolescents and young adults between 1990 to 2019: an analysis of the Global Burden of Disease study

Resumo Trata-se de análise de indicadores de mortalidade de brasileiros com idades entre 10 e 24 anos. Foram analisados os dados do Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2019, utilizando números absolutos, proporção de óbitos e taxas de mortalidade específicas entre 1990 e 2019, segundo faixa etária (10 a 14, 15 a 19 e 20 a 24 anos), sexo e causas de morte para Brasil, regiões e estados brasileiros. Houve redução de 11,8% nas taxas de mortalidade de indivíduos com idades entre 10 e 24 anos no período investigado. Em 2019, ocorreram 13.459 mortes entre mulheres, correspondendo à redução de 30,8% no período. Entre homens ocorreram 39.362 óbitos, redução de apenas 6,2%. Houve aumento das taxas de mortalidade no Norte e Nordeste e redução em estados do Sudeste e Sul. Em 2019, entre mulheres a primeira causa de morte foram lesões por transporte, seguidas por violência interpessoal, mortes maternas e suicídio. Para os homens, a violência interpessoal foi a primeira causa de morte, em especial no Nordeste, seguida das lesões por transporte, do suicídio e dos afogamentos. Execuções policiais passaram do 77º para o 6º lugar. Este estudo revelou desigualdades na mortalidade de adolescentes e adultos jovens segundo sexo, causas de óbito, regiões e estados brasileiros.

Abstract Mortality indicators for Brazilians aged between 10 and 24 years old were analyzed. Data were obtained from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2019 Study, and absolute numbers, proportion of deaths and specific mortality rates from 1990 to 2019 were analyzed, according to age group (10 to 14, 15 to 19 and 20 to 24 years), sex and causes of death for Brazil, regions and Brazilian states. There was a reduction of 11.8% in the mortality rates of individuals aged between 10 and 24 years in the investigated period. In 2019, there were 13,459 deaths among women, corresponding to a reduction of 30.8% in the period. Among men there were 39,362 deaths, a reduction of only 6.2%. There was an increase in mortality rates in the North and Northeast and a reduction in the Southeast and South states. In 2019, the leading cause of death among women was traffic injuries, followed by interpersonal violence, maternal deaths and suicide. For men, interpersonal violence was the leading cause of death, especially in the Northeast, followed by traffic injuries, suicide and drowning. Police executions moved from 77th to 6th place. This study revealed inequalities in the mortality of adolescents and young adults according to sex, causes of death, regions and Brazilian states.

Factors associated with death in women with intimate partner violence notification in Brazil. / Fatores associados ao óbito de mulheres com notificação de violência por parceiro íntimo no Brasil.

Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a social and public health concern. This article aims to identify factors associated with death in women with IPV notification. This is a case-control study based on the record-linkage of the Mortality Information System (SIM), from 2011 to September/2017, and the Notifiable Diseases Information System (SINAN), 2011 to 2016. The "case" group consisted of women aged 15 to 59 years old with notification of violence on SINAN, whose author was current or former intimate partner and died by any cause registered on SIM. The "control" group consisted of women 15-59 years old, living in the same municipality of the cases and victim of IPV registered on SINAN, but without a death record on SIM. Multiple logistic regression was used to estimate the odds ratio of death. 151,826 Brazilian women were victim of IPV and were notified by SINAN, and 2,538 died. The main cause of death was homicide. The following characteristics conferred a greater chance of death: having race/skin-color black or yellow; having disabilities; living in rural area; physical violence, torture and multiple types combined; violence perpetrated by a firearm, a sharp object and multiple means combined.

A violência por parceiro íntimo (VPI) é um problema social e de saúde pública. O objetivo deste artigo é identificar fatores associados ao óbito em mulheres com notificação de VPI. Estudo do tipo caso-controle a partir do relacionamento das bases de dados do Sistema de Informação sobre Mortalidade (SIM), 2011 a setembro/2017, e do Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação (SINAN), 2011 a 2016. O grupo "caso" foi composto por mulheres de 15 a 59 anos com notificação de violência no SINAN, cujo autor era atual ou ex-parceiro íntimo e óbito por qualquer causa básica registrado no SIM. O grupo "controle" consistiu em mulheres da mesma faixa etária, com VPI registrada no SINAN e município de residência dos casos, mas sem registro de óbito no SIM. Foi utilizada a regressão logística a fim de estimar a razão de chance de óbito. 151.826 brasileiras tiveram seus casos de VPI notificados, sendo que 2.538 morreram. A principal causa de óbito foi o homicídio. As seguintes características conferiram maior chance de óbito: raça/cor preta e amarela; ter deficiências; residir em área rural; violência física, tortura e múltiplos tipos combinados; violência perpetrada por arma de fogo, objeto perfurocortante e múltiplos meios combinados.

Fatores associados ao óbito de mulheres com notificação de violência por parceiro íntimo no Brasil / Factors associated with death in women with intimate partner violence notification in Brazil

Resumo A violência por parceiro íntimo (VPI) é um problema social e de saúde pública. O objetivo deste artigo é identificar fatores associados ao óbito em mulheres com notificação de VPI. Estudo do tipo caso-controle a partir do relacionamento das bases de dados do Sistema de Informação sobre Mortalidade (SIM), 2011 a setembro/2017, e do Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação (SINAN), 2011 a 2016. O grupo "caso" foi composto por mulheres de 15 a 59 anos com notificação de violência no SINAN, cujo autor era atual ou ex-parceiro íntimo e óbito por qualquer causa básica registrado no SIM. O grupo "controle" consistiu em mulheres da mesma faixa etária, com VPI registrada no SINAN e município de residência dos casos, mas sem registro de óbito no SIM. Foi utilizada a regressão logística a fim de estimar a razão de chance de óbito. 151.826 brasileiras tiveram seus casos de VPI notificados, sendo que 2.538 morreram. A principal causa de óbito foi o homicídio. As seguintes características conferiram maior chance de óbito: raça/cor preta e amarela; ter deficiências; residir em área rural; violência física, tortura e múltiplos tipos combinados; violência perpetrada por arma de fogo, objeto perfurocortante e múltiplos meios combinados.

Abstract Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a social and public health concern. This article aims to identify factors associated with death in women with IPV notification. This is a case-control study based on the record-linkage of the Mortality Information System (SIM), from 2011 to September/2017, and the Notifiable Diseases Information System (SINAN), 2011 to 2016. The "case" group consisted of women aged 15 to 59 years old with notification of violence on SINAN, whose author was current or former intimate partner and died by any cause registered on SIM. The "control" group consisted of women 15-59 years old, living in the same municipality of the cases and victim of IPV registered on SINAN, but without a death record on SIM. Multiple logistic regression was used to estimate the odds ratio of death. 151,826 Brazilian women were victim of IPV and were notified by SINAN, and 2,538 died. The main cause of death was homicide. The following characteristics conferred a greater chance of death: having race/skin-color black or yellow; having disabilities; living in rural area; physical violence, torture and multiple types combined; violence perpetrated by a firearm, a sharp object and multiple means combined.

Prevalence and factors associated with intimate partner violence against adult women in Brazil: National Survey of Health, 2019 / Prevalência e fatores associados a violência por parceiro íntimo contra mulheres adultas no Brasil: Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde, 2019

ABSTRACT Objective: To estimate the prevalence and factors associated with intimate partner violence against adult women in Brazil. Methods: Quantitative cross-sectional epidemiological study using the database of the National Survey of Health 2019. The prevalence in the last 12 months and crude and adjusted prevalence ratios of intimate partner violence were calculated, stratified by sociodemographic characteristics. Results: Intimate partner violence was reported by 7.60% of Brazilian women aged from 18 to 59 years, with higher prevalence among younger women (8.96%), black women (9.05%), those with lower education level (8.55%) and low income (8.68%). After adjusted analysis, the age groups of 18-24 years old (PRadj: 1.41) and 25-39 years old (PRadj: 1.42) and income lower than one minimum wage (PRadj: 1.55) remained associated with intimate partner violence. Conclusions: Intimate partner violence was associated with younger and poorest women. This result points to the need to develop intersectoral policies, especially those aimed at reducing social inequalities and at the coping with intimate partner violence among adult women.

RESUMO: Objetivo: Estimar a prevalência da violência por parceiro íntimo sofrida por mulheres adultas no país e os fatores associados a ela. Métodos: Estudo epidemiológico transversal quantitativo utilizando base de dados da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde 2019. Foram calculadas as prevalências e razões de prevalência bruta e ajustada da violência por parceiro íntimo nos últimos 12 meses segundo características sociodemográficas. Resultados: A violência por parceiro íntimo foi relatada por 7,60% das mulheres brasileiras de 18-59 anos, com maior prevalência entre as mais jovens (8,96%), aquelas que se autodeclararam pretas (9,05%), com menor escolaridade (8,55%) e baixa renda (8,68%). Após análise ajustada, permaneceram associadas à violência por parceiro íntimo as faixas etárias 18-24 anos (RPa: 1,41) e 25-39 anos (RPa: 1,42) e renda menor que um salário mínimo (RPa: 1,55). Conclusões: A violência por parceiro íntimo se associou às mulheres mais jovens e com pior renda. Esses resultados apontam a necessidade de desenvolvimento de políticas intersetoriais, especialmente as relacionadas à redução das desigualdades sociais e para o enfrentamento da violência por parceiro íntimo entre mulheres adultas.

Association between firearms and mortality in Brazil, 1990 to 2017: a global burden of disease Brazil study.

BACKGROUND: Brazil leads the world in number of firearm deaths and ranks sixth by country in rate of firearm deaths per 100,000 people. This study aims to analyze trends in and burden of mortality by firearms, according to age and sex, for Brazil, and the association between these deaths and indicators of possession and carrying of weapons using data from the global burden of diseases, injuries, and risk factors study (GBD) 2017. METHODS: We used GBD 2017 estimates of mortality due to physical violence and self-harm from firearms for Brazil to analyze the association between deaths by firearms and explanatory variables. RESULTS: Deaths from firearms increased in Brazil from 25,819 in 1990 to 48,493 in 2017. Firearm mortality rates were higher among men and in the 20-24 age group; the rate was 20 times higher than for women in the same age group. Homicide rates increased during the study period, while mortality rates for suicides and accidental deaths decreased. The group of Brazilian federation units with the highest firearm collection rate (median = 7.5) showed reductions in the rate of total violent deaths by firearms. In contrast, the group with the lowest firearm collection rate (median = 2.0) showed an increase in firearm deaths from 2000 to 2017. An increase in the rate of voluntary return of firearms was associated with a reduction in mortality rates of unintentional firearm deaths (r = -0.364, p < 0.001). An increase in socio-demographic index (SDI) was associated with a reduction in all firearm death rates (r = -0.266, p = 0.008). An increase in the composite index of firearms seized or collected was associated with a reduction in rates of deaths by firearm in the subgroup of females, children, and the elderly (r = -0.269, p = 0.005). CONCLUSIONS: There was a change in the trend of firearms deaths after the beginning of the collection of weapons in 2004. Federation units that collected more guns have reduced rates of violent firearm deaths.

Wounded adolescences: a portrait of firearm violence reported in Brazil. / Adolescências feridas: retrato das violências com arma de fogo notificadas no Brasil.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the notifications of interpersonal and self-inflicted firearm violence in adolescents and to identify the factors associated with the notification of this event. METHODOLOGY: Cross-sectional study analyzing data from Sinan from 2011 to 2017, in adolescents aged 10-19 years, injured by firearms. The χ2 test was used to verify the gender ratio difference. Correlation analysis and multiple linear regression were performed between the logarithm of the firearm notification rate and each independent variable, in a sample of large municipalities. RESULTS: There were 30,103 reports of firearm violence in adolescents, of which (74.7%) were males aged 15-19 years (83.8%). Among girls, violence is more common at home, with a known perpetrator, and with physical and sexual violence combined. The death rate by firearms was higher in Fortaleza, Maceió, João Pessoa, Salvador and Natal, ranging from 105.88 to 71.73 per 100 thousand. Higher notification rates of firearm violence were associated with higher firearm death rates and greater coverage of health facilities. CONCLUSION: Firearm violence is a major public health problem in adolescents. Attacks on the disarmament statute and the loosening of gun possession and ownership directly confront the present and future of children and adolescents.

Violence against adolescents: analysis of health sector notifications, Brazil, 2011-2017. / Violências contra adolescentes: análise das notificações realizadas no setor saúde, Brasil, 2011-2017.

INTRODUCTION: Violence experienced in adolescence results in serious damage and suffering to society. This study aims to characterize the profile of violence victims and likely perpetrators of violence against adolescents, as well as to describe the percentage of notifying municipalities according to the federation unit. METHODS: Cross-sectional study conducted with data on notification of violence against adolescents from the Information System for Notifiable Diseases, from 2011 to 2017. The chi-square test was used to assess the statistical significance of the differences between the proportions in the comparison between genders. Proportion ratios for the most frequent types of violence were estimated according to selected variables. RESULTS: The notifications came from 75.4% of all the Brazilian municipalities. Physical violence predominated among males, aged 15-19 years. Psychological violence was predominant among females, between 10 and 14 years old, when perpetrated repeatedly at home by family aggressors. Sexual violence prevailed among females, aged 10 to 14 years old, in the indigenous, black and yellow races/colors, when perpetrated repeatedly at home. Negligence was more common among males, between 10 and 14 years old, when perpetrated repeatedly by family aggressors. CONCLUSIONS: Sexual violence occurred predominantly against females and generated significant negative impacts on mental, physical, sexual and reproductive health. Community violence, perpetrated with sharp objects and firearms, were prominent among males and are important risk factors for male over-mortality. Because the problems are complex, addressing them requires intersectoral actions.

Aggressions in urgency and emergency care in Brazilian capitals: perspectives of 2011, 2014 and 2017 VIVA Survey. / Agressões nos atendimentos de urgência e emergência em capitais do Brasil: perspectivas do VIVA Inquérito 2011, 2014 e 2017.

OBJECTIVES: To describe the profile of care provided by aggressions in emergency units from the VIVA Survey 2011, 2014 and 2017 data, and to compare the evolution of six indicators over four (2011 to 2014) and seven years (2011 to 2017). METHODS: Cross-sectional study, using data from the last three editions of the VIVA Survey carried out in the Federal District and in 19 Brazilian capitals. The types of occurrence were selected: aggression/mistreatment and intervention by a public agent. The weighted frequencies of the characteristics of the people assisted, of the aggressions, injuries and evolution of the cases were calculated, according to sex. Differences between proportions were compared using the χ2 Test. Six indicators were also selected and their evolution over the years was evaluated by means of the percentage variation and the 95% confidence interval. RESULTS: In most cases of aggression, the individuals were black, young and adult, of both sexes. The main nature of the assaults was physical, reaching over 85% in all investigations, followed by negligence. In the comparison between 2011 and 2017, "neglect" aggressions had a significant increase in both sexes and in children and the elderly; aggressions of a "sexual" nature had a significant increase only in children. CONCLUSIONS: The VIVA Survey is an important tool for Brazil's Violence and Accident Surveillance System, providing evidence for public health decision-making and for coping with and preventing violence.