ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Bergenin, a compound derived from gallic acid, is a secondary metabolite of the plant Peltophorum dubium (Spreng.) Taub. OBJECTIVE: In this study, we aimed to characterize the ability of bergenin to eliminate the radicals in non-biological systems. METHODS: We evaluated bergenin's ability to protect erythrocytes from oxidative damage in a biological system. We have elucidated bergenin structure using nuclear magnetic resonance, X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and differential scanning calorimetry. We then evaluated its antioxidant capacity in vitro against DPPHâ¢, ABTSâ¢+, hydroxyl radicals, and nitric oxide, and determined its ability to transfer electrons owing to its reduction potential and ability to chelate iron. We also evaluated its protective capacity against oxidative damage produced by AAPH in erythrocytes, its hemolytic properties, its ability to inhibit hemolysis, and its ability to maintain intracellular reduced glutathione homeostasis. RESULTS: Bergenin concentrations between 0.1 and 3mM significantly (p < 0.05) and dose dependently decreased formation of ABTSâ¢+, DPPHâ¢, nitrite ions, OHâ¢, reduced formation ferricyanide, ferrozine-Fe2+complex, inhibited AAPH-induced oxidative hemolysis of erythrocytes, raised GSH levels in the presence of AAPH, inhibited AAPH-induced lipid peroxidation in erythrocytes. CONCLUSION: Bergenin may represent a novel alternative antioxidant, with potential applications in various industries, including drugs, cosmetics, and foods.
Subject(s)
Antioxidants/isolation & purification , Antioxidants/pharmacology , Benzopyrans/isolation & purification , Benzopyrans/pharmacology , Erythrocytes/drug effects , Fabaceae/chemistry , Animals , Antioxidants/chemistry , Benzopyrans/chemistry , Benzothiazoles/chemistry , Biphenyl Compounds/chemistry , Electron Transport/drug effects , Erythrocytes/metabolism , Female , Glutathione/metabolism , Hemolysis/drug effects , Homeostasis/drug effects , Hydroxyl Radical/chemistry , Intracellular Space/drug effects , Intracellular Space/metabolism , Iron/chemistry , Lipid Peroxidation/drug effects , Models, Molecular , Molecular Conformation , Nitrites/chemistry , Picrates/chemistry , Rats , Rats, Wistar , Sulfonic Acids/chemistryABSTRACT
Maxillary second molar impaction in the adjacent ectopic third molar is a rare condition that practitioners might face in the field of pediatric dentistry and orthodontics. The early diagnosis and extraction of the adjacent ectopic third molar have been advocated, and prior research has reported a high rate of spontaneous eruption following third molar removal. However, some challenges in the daily practice are that the early diagnosis of this type of tooth impaction is difficult with conventional radiographic examination, and sometimes the early surgical removal of the maxillary third molar must be postponed because of the risks of damaging the second molar. The objective of this study is to report a case series of five young patients with maxillary second molar impaction and to discuss the difficulty of early diagnosis with the conventional radiographic examination, and unpredictability of self-correction.
