Validation of a deep learning model for automatic detection and quantification of five OCT critical retinal features associated with neovascular age-related macular degeneration.

PURPOSE: To develop and validate a deep learning model for the segmentation of five retinal biomarkers associated with neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD). METHODS: 300 optical coherence tomography volumes from subject eyes with nAMD were collected. Images were manually segmented for the presence of five crucial nAMD features: intraretinal fluid, subretinal fluid, subretinal hyperreflective material, drusen/drusenoid pigment epithelium detachment (PED) and neovascular PED. A deep learning architecture based on a U-Net was trained to perform automatic segmentation of these retinal biomarkers and evaluated on the sequestered data. The main outcome measures were receiver operating characteristic curves for detection, summarised using the area under the curves (AUCs) both on a per slice and per volume basis, correlation score, enface topography overlap (reported as two-dimensional (2D) correlation score) and Dice coefficients. RESULTS: The model obtained a mean (±SD) AUC of 0.93 (±0.04) per slice and 0.88 (±0.07) per volume for fluid detection. The correlation score (R2) between automatic and manual segmentation obtained by the model resulted in a mean (±SD) of 0.89 (±0.05). The mean (±SD) 2D correlation score was 0.69 (±0.04). The mean (±SD) Dice score resulted in 0.61 (±0.10). CONCLUSIONS: We present a fully automated segmentation model for five features related to nAMD that performs at the level of experienced graders. The application of this model will open opportunities for the study of morphological changes and treatment efficacy in real-world settings. Furthermore, it can facilitate structured reporting in the clinic and reduce subjectivity in clinicians' assessments.

Relaxing Retinotomy in Recurrent and Refractory Full-Thickness Macular Holes: The State of the Art.

The prevailing standard of care for primary repair of full-thickness macular holes (FTMHs) is pars plana vitrectomy with internal limiting membrane (ILM) peeling and gas tamponade, as it gives a high closure rate of roughly 90%. On the other hand, the surgical management of recurrent and refractory FTMHs represents, so far, a demanding and debated subject in vitreoretinal surgery since various approaches have been proposed, with no consensus concerning both adequate selection criteria and the best surgical approach. In addition, the existence of multiple case series/interventional studies showing comparable results and the lack of studies with a direct comparison of multiple surgical techniques may lead to uncertainty. We present an organized overview of relaxing retinotomy technique, a surgical approach available nowadays for the secondary repair of recurrent and refractory FTMHs. Besides the history and the description of the various techniques to perform relaxing retinotomies, we underline the results and the evidence available to promote the use of this surgical approach.

Communicating Bad News to Older Patients from the Physician's Point of View: Focus on the Influence of Gender and Length of Work Experience.

BACKGROUND: Communicating bad news is of great interest in the geriatric field, but few works have considered the physician's point of view in this regard. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to explore possible differences related to physicians' gender and work experience in how a terminal diagnosis is disclosed to older patients. METHODS: Study participants were 420 Italian physicians (277 M, 143 F) working in clinical medicine (58.2%), surgery (33.3%), or other medical departments (8.5%). They completed an anonymous multiple-choice questionnaire that investigated various issues associated with communicating bad news to terminally ill older patients. RESULTS: Men had more work experience than women (55.6% vs. 44.8% had worked for ≥23 years) and were more likely to work in surgery departments, while more women worked in clinical medicine. Most physicians declared that terminally ill older patients, if mentally competent, should always (14.4%) or generally (64.3%) be directly and openly informed of their condition. With no difference in gender, length of work experience, or specialty area, 36.9% of physicians thought that this was a human right and 18% that it would improve the patient's quality of life. Where older patients were alone, male physicians were more likely than female (30.2% vs. 8.9%) to always communicate bad news directly to them. More than 70% of physicians, especially those with longer work experience, declared that they always or often took enough time to inform the patient. Female physicians and those working in clinical medicine were more likely to need psychological help when deciding to break bad news, but only a smaller proportion declared to have received it. CONCLUSIONS: Gender and work experience may influence how physicians communicate with patients and how often they seek psychological support.

Dietary intake and physical performance in healthy elderly women: a 3-year follow-up.

BACKGROUND: Aging is generally accompanied by changes in body composition, muscle mass and strength, leading to a decline in motor and functional performance. Physical activity and eating habits could be involved in modulating this paraphysiological deterioration. Aim of our study was to investigate changes in body composition, diet and physical performance in healthy, elderly females over a 3-year follow-up. METHODS: 92 healthy elderly females (70.9±4.0 years) attending a twice-weekly mild fitness program were eligible for the study. They were assessed at baseline and again after 3 years in terms of clinical history, diet, body composition by DEXA, resting energy expenditure, handgrip strength, knee extensor isometric/isotonic strength, and functional performance measured using the Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB). RESULTS: After 3 years, women had a significant decline in muscle strength (∆ isotonic: -1.4±4.3 kg, ∆ isokinetic: -2.0±6.3 kg, ∆ handgrip: -3.2±5.0 kg; p<0.001) and physical performance (∆ walking time: 0.71±0.9 s, ∆ walking speed: -0.25±0.35 m/s; p<0.001), while their weight and body composition parameters did not change, except for a small decrease in appendicular skeletal muscle mass (-0.4±1.4 kg). There was a significant drop in calorie (∆:-345.7±533.1 kcal/d; p<0.001) and protein intake (∆:-0.14±0.23 g/d; p<0.001), while resting energy expenditure remained stable. ∆ calorie intake correlated with the variation in 4-meter walking time (r: 0.34; p<0.01). CONCLUSIONS: With advancing age, physical performance declines even in healthy, fit females despite a spare of weight and body composition. This decline in physical activity could lead to a lower calorie intake, which would explain why there is no variation in body weight.

Preventive effect of risedronate on bone loss and frailty fractures in elderly women treated with anastrozole for early breast cancer.

The aim of this study was to assess the effect of adjuvant anastrozole, alone or associated with risedronate, on BMD and bone fracture risk in women more than 70 years old with hormone receptor-positive early breast cancer (EBC). In a group of 51 elderly women (aged 76.4 ± 5.0 years) considered for adjuvant aromatase inhibitors for EBC, 24 patients with T-scores ≥ -2 and no prevalent fractures received anastrozole 1 mg/day (group A), and 27 patients with T-scores < -2, or with T-scores ≥ -2 and prevalent fractures (group B), received anastrozole (1 mg/day) plus risedronate (35 mg/week). Both groups received supplementation with 1 g calcium carbonate and 800 IU vitamin D per day. Differences in BMD and frailty fractures were evaluated after 1 and 2 years. In group A, significant decreases in BMD were observed in the lumbar spine (Δ BMD, -0.030 ± 0.04 g/cm², P < 0.05), femoral neck (Δ BMD, -0.029 ± 0.05 g/cm², P < 0.05), and trochanter (Δ BMD, -0.026 ± 0.03 g/cm², P < 0.01) after 2 years. The greatest percent reduction in height (Hpr) emerged in the thoracic spine (3.6 ± 2.4%, P < 0.01), although only one incident vertebral fracture was observed. In group B, BMD increased in the lumbar spine (Δ BMD, 0.038 ± 0.04, P < 0.001), although no significant changes were seen in the hip regions. The decline in Hpr was negligible (about 1%). No incident fractures were observed at follow-up. In conclusion, anastrozole treatment for EBC in elderly women seems to have only mild negative effects on the femoral bone. Risedronate makes the use of anastrozole safer, even for osteopenic or osteoporotic elderly patients.

An uncommon case of failed suicide in a 94-year-old woman: "masked" depression or rational decision?

AIM: We report an unusual case of "failed suicide" in an oldest old woman who was apparently "aging successfully". METHOD: This case was analysed in the light of a careful literature review. RESULTS: This was an unusual case of failed suicide, attempted by a 94-year-old woman who had planned the suicide several days earlier. CONCLUSIONS: The unusual features of this case relate to: 1) the person's female gender and very advanced age; 2) her apparently "successful aging" condition; 3) the violent method and unusual means she used; 4) the suicide note written several days beforehand.