ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVES: To determine the etiologies and evolution of rhabdomyolysis in children. STUDY DESIGN: We performed a retrospective study of patients with rhabdomyolysis who were seen in our tertiary care university-affiliated pediatric hospital. Patients in outpatient clinics, seen in the emergency department, or admitted from 2001 to 2002 were selected. With a standardized case report form, we collected predetermined data from each patient's chart. RESULTS: A total of 130 patients with rhabdomyolysis were included in the study (male, 56%; mean age, 7.5 ± 5.9 years). The median elevation of creatine phosphokinase was 2207 IU/L (range, 1003 to 811 428 IU/L). The most frequent diagnoses were viral myositis (29, 22.3%), trauma (24, 18.4%), surgery (24, 18.4%), hypoxia (12 , 9.2%), and drug reaction (8, 6.2%). Metabolic myopathy was found only in one patient (0.8%). In 17 patients (13.1%), no definite diagnosis could be made. CONCLUSIONS: Etiologies of rhabdomyolysis in children are varied and differ from those reported in adults. In most patients, rhabdomyolysis is benign and without recurrence. In our series, rhabdomyolysis was the initial symptom of a metabolic myopathy in only one patient.
Subject(s)
Creatine Kinase/blood , Rhabdomyolysis/blood , Rhabdomyolysis/etiology , Adolescent , Child , Child, Preschool , Critical Illness/epidemiology , Drug Hypersensitivity/epidemiology , Female , Humans , Hypoxia/epidemiology , Infant , Infant, Newborn , Male , Muscular Diseases/epidemiology , Muscular Diseases/metabolism , Myositis/epidemiology , Myositis/virology , Postoperative Complications/epidemiology , Recurrence , Retrospective Studies , Rhabdomyolysis/mortality , Rhabdomyolysis/therapy , Sepsis/epidemiology , Wounds and Injuries/epidemiologyABSTRACT
Remembering meaningful information is an important component of verbal memory. However, findings from existing story memory tests have been mixed in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). We developed a test, the Story Learning and Memory (SLAM) test, in which a story is presented repeatedly until a performance criterion is reached, and verbatim recall is obtained only once, after a delay. In Study 1 we demonstrated a significant learning deficit in patients with left, but not right, TLE, and they were further impaired in retention of the story despite having learned it to the same criterion as subjects with right TLE and healthy subjects. These deficits remained confined to patients with left TLE after surgery. For clinical use we developed the SLAM in three versions in two languages; in studies 2 and 3 we tested and proved their equivalence.
Subject(s)
Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe/classification , Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe/complications , Memory Disorders/etiology , Mental Recall/physiology , Neuropsychological Tests , Verbal Learning/physiology , Adult , Analysis of Variance , Female , Functional Laterality , Humans , Male , Young AdultABSTRACT
We investigated the development of the magnitude and phase alignment of steady-state visual evoked potentials induced by 5 Hz intermittent photic stimulation in 46 children (3 to 16 years) and 8 adults, as a function of age. We found that, over the occipital region, magnitude values were the highest in 8-11-year old children, but decreased with age over all other cerebral regions. Phase alignment values increased with age over the occipital, parietal and frontal cerebral regions. We interpret these findings in terms of the development of functional interactions between different cortical areas involved in the processing of visual stimuli.
