Opium use and gastrointestinal cancers: a systematic review and meta-analysis study.

Aim: The current systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to assess the association between Gastrointestinal (GI) cancers and opium use. Background: GI malignancies are a global public health issue and are associated with many risk factors including genetic and lifestyle factors. Methods: PubMed, Web of Science, Embase and Scopus and the Google Scholar search engine in addition to Persian databases including Magiran and SID were searched using relevant keywords. The associations of opium use, long duration of opium use, high daily amount opium use and high cumulative opium use and GI cancer and various subtypes of GI cancers were estimated and pooled in format of odds ratios (OR) and their corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CI) with a random effects model. Results: 22 articles that were published between 1983 and 2022 entered the analyses. There were significant relationships between opium use based on crude effect sizes (OR: 2.53, 1.95-3.29) and adjusted effect sizes (OR: 2.64, 1.99-3.51), high daily opium use (or: 3.41, 1.92-6.06), long duration of opium use (OR: 3.03, 1.90-4.84) and high cumulative opium use (OR: 3.88, 2.35-6.41), all compared to never opium use, and GI cancer. The results were not sensitive to sensitivity analyses and no influential publication biases were found in these analyses. Conclusion: Our meta-analysis showed that opium use could be associated with increased risk of overall and some particular GI cancers including oropharyngeal, gastric, pancreatic and colorectal cancers. Opium use as a potentially modifiable factor, therefore, should be more emphasized.

Effort-reward imbalance and common mental disorders among public sector employees of Iran: a cross-sectional analysis.

BACKGROUND: The effort-reward imbalance (ERI) model is a widely used theoretical model to measure stress in the workplace. The objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between ERI and three common mental disorders: major depressive disorder (MDD), generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). METHODS: In this cross-sectional analysis, the study sample consisted of 4453 baseline participants of the Employees' Health Cohort Study of Iran (EHCSIR). Trained psychologists utilized the Persian version of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI-2.1) during the baseline assessment to identify common mental disorders. Additionally, the validated Persian version of the 23-item ERI questionnaire was employed to assess effort, reward, overcommitment, and effort-reward ratio. To examine the association of ERI components with three common mental disorders (MDD, GAD, and OCD) over the past twelve months, multiple logistic regression analyses were conducted. RESULTS: The prevalence of effort-reward imbalance in the study sample was 47.1%. Higher ERI score was significantly associated with MDD (OR: 3.43, 95% CI: 2.30-5.13), GAD (OR: 2.42, 95% CI: 1.27-4.63), and OCD (OR: 2.23, 95% CI:1.19-4.19). The study participants who reported higher scores on work overcommitment had a higher likelihood of having MDD (OR: 1.16, 95% CI:1.10-1.23), GAD (OR: 1.07, 95% CI: 1.01-1.14), and OCD (OR: 1.19, 95% CI: 1.09-1.29). CONCLUSIONS: According to the study's findings, work-related stress, as determined by the ERI model, is a significant factor in the development of common mental disorders among employees in the public sector.

The burden of traumatic brain injury on caregivers: exploring the predictive factors in a multi-centric study.

BACKGROUND: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a significant cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide. With survivors often exhibiting degrees of function loss, a significant burden is exerted on their caregivers. The purpose of this study was to explore the predictive factors of caregiver burden among caregivers of patients with TBI. METHODS: Sixty-eight family members of individuals with a TBI who had been admitted to three hospitals were assessed in terms of caregiver burden using the Zarit Burden Interview. The association of caregiver burden with patients' baseline cognitive function according to the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) test, as well as caregivers' sociodemographic characteristics, were evaluated using multiple regression analysis. RESULTS: Based on the multiple regression model, the MoCA score of the patients (std ß=-0.442, p < 0.001), duration of caregiving (std ß = 0.228, p = 0.044), and higher education of the caregivers (std ß = 0.229, p = 0.038) were significant predictors of caregiver burden. CONCLUSION: Overall, our findings highlight the importance of taking caregivers' psychosocial needs into account. Long-term caregivers of TBI patients with cognitive impairment should be viewed as vulnerable individuals who could benefit from psychosocial intervention programs, to improve their well-being and enabling them to enrich their care of the TBI patient.

Sagittal Spinopelvic Alignment in Asymptomatic Iranian Adults Aged 18 to 40 Years.

BACKGROUND: Recent studies have revealed the increasing importance of sagittal spinopelvic alignment. Knowing the values of sagittal spinopelvic parameters, which are affected by ethnicity, is essential in the normal asymptomatic population. In the current study, these parameters were measured in a sample of asymptomatic Iranian population. METHODS: Seventy asymptomatic participants without complaint of musculoskeletal problems were enrolled. They had no complaint about musculoskeletal problems. Lateral full-length spinal and pelvic x-rays were taken. The following parameters were measured on x-rays and presented as mean ± standard deviation: pelvic incidence (PI), sacral slope (SS), pelvic tilt (PT), lumbar lordosis (LL), thoracic kyphosis (TK), lumbar tilt (LT) and thoracic tilt (TT). RESULTS: The population consisted of 37 males and 33 females aged 26.6 ± 4.27 years. The mean values of PI, SS, PT, LL, TK, LT, and TT were 44.5 ± 10.1, 35.4 ± 6.7, 9.1 ± 7.9, 41.9 ± 14.7, 28.8 ± 8.3, 11.9 ± 7.4 and -7.5 ± 5.7 (median: -10; 5th percentile: -14; 95th percentile: 4.4) degrees, respectively. The variables were similar between males and females except for LL which was significantly higher in females (37.8 ± 16.5 versus 46.5 ± 11; P = 0.013). In addition, the linear regression model revealed age to be independently related with PI (beta = 0.344; P = 0.004) and PT (beta = 0.366; P = 0.002). PI (r = 0.344, P = 0.004) and PT (r = 0.359, P = 0.002) were positively correlated with age. Additionally, PI was positively correlated to SS, PT and LL and negatively to TT. CONCLUSION: These findings may be used as referential values for sagittal spinopelvic parameters in the Iranian population. The positive correlation of PI with age questions the constancy of PI throughout life. However, larger studies are required.