Ações de lideranças da Enfermagem na organização do atendimento hospitalar a pacientes com COVID-19 / Nursing leadership actions in the organization of hospital care to patients with covid-19

Introdução: A prática assistencial do país passa por processo de revisão e análise diante da pandemia Covid-19. Objetivo: Descrever ações desenvolvidas por lideranças da equipe de enfermagem para a organização do atendimento de pacientes com Covid-19 no contexto hospitalar. Metodologia: Estudo descritivo, abordagem qualitativa, tipo relato de experiência realizado no Hospital Alemão Oswaldo Cruz durante os meses de março e abril de 2020. Descrição da Experiência: Estabelecemos inicialmente um comitê multiprofissional de enfrentamento para definir direcionamentos estratificando as ações para atendimento de pacientes em algumas frentes. As principais diretrizes foram relacionadas à estrutura e aos protocolos de cuidado. Outra ação realizada foram os treinamentos para a equipe assistencial. Resultado: Implementação de fluxo para atendimento aos pacientes no Pronto Atendimento; ampliação de leitos para atendimento a pacientes em Unidades de Internação e Intensiva; contratação e treinamentos de profissionais da equipe de enfermagem em tempo reduzido; otimização da equipe de enfermagem com redirecionamento de profissionais conforme a taxa de ocupação dos setores; fortalecimento da atuação multiprofissional. Considerações finais: A experiência obtida nesta vivência nos mostrou que o trabalho em equipe e o estabelecimento de vínculo de confiança entre os profissionais é ponto crucial para o sucesso na implantação de mudanças relevantes e para um cuidado seguro e de qualidade. (AU)

Introduction: The country's health care practice goes through a review and analysis process in the face of the Covid-19 pandemic. Objective: To describe actions taken by the leadership of the nursing team to meet the demand of patients with Covid-19. Methodology: Descriptive study, qualitative approach, experience report carried out at Hospital Alemão Oswaldo Cruz during the months of March and April 2020. Experience Description: We initially established a multidisciplinary committee to define guidelines of actions to take care of the patients. The main guidelines were related to the care structure and protocols. Another action was training the nursing team. Results: Implementation of a new flow for patient care in the Emergency Room; Expansion of beds for patient care in inpatient and Intensive Care Units; Hiring and training nursing team professionals in a reduced time; optimization of the nursing team with redirection of professionals according to the occupancy rate of the units; strengthening of multidisciplinary performance. Final considerations: The experience obtained in this experience showed us that teamwork and the establishment of a bond of trust between professionals is a crucial point for the successful implementation of relevant changes and for a safe and quality care. (AU)

Introducción: La práctica de los profesionales del país pasa por un proceso de revisión y análisis debido al nuevo escenario por la pandemia del Covid-19. Objetivo: Describir las acciones tomadas por los liderazgos del equipo de enfermería para atender a la demanda de los pacientes de Covid-19. Metodología: Estudio descriptivo, con abordaje cualitativa, del tipo relato de experiencia realizado en el Hospital Alemão Oswaldo Cruz durante los meses de marzo y abril de 2020. Descripción de la Experiencia: Establecimos inicialmente un comité multiprofesional de enfrentamiento para definir direccionamientos estratificando las acciones para asistir a pacientes en algunas frentes. Las principales directrices fueron relacionadas a la estructura y a protocolos de cuidado. Otra acción realizada fueron los entrenamientos constantes para el equipo asistencial. Resultado: Implementación de un nuevo flujo para asistir a pacientes en Urgencias; Ampliación de camas para la atención de pacientes en unidades de ingreso e intensiva; Contratación y entrenamientos de profesionales del equipo de enfermería en tiempo reducido; Optimización del equipo de enfermería con redireccionamiento de profesionales conforme a la tasa de ocupación de los sectores; Fortalecimiento de la actuación multiprofesional. Consideraciones finales: La experiencia obtenida en esta vivencia nos ha enseñado que el trabajo en equipo y el establecimiento del vínculo de confianza entre los profesionales es punto crucial para el éxito en la implantación de cambios relevantes y para un cuidado seguro y de calidad para la población asistida. (AU)

Soap production: A green prospective.

A green prospective based on the reuse of waste materials such as almond shells, orange peel and used cooking oil to manufacture soap is presented. In Portugal, thousands of tons of waste are generated from used cooking oil and production of nut shells' residues is growing every year. In addition, the high consumption of citrus fruits, oranges in particular, generates large amounts of citrus peel. Therefore, it is necessary to diversify reuse mechanisms of these wastes, in order to make them back into raw materials. Complying with this trend, this work was carried out by processing and grinding almond shells, treating used oil, processing orange peels and extracting limonene, formulating and producing soap, and performing an acceptance study of the final product. Results validated a high potential of the idea in the field of environmental education, so it can be replicated in practical classes. It can also be useful for waste management, and it can support the development of community projects on an ecological approach.

El prejuicio racial en Brasil: medidas comparativas / O preconceito racial no Brasil: medidas comparativas / Racial prejudice in Brazil: comparative measures

El estudio trataba de medir las manifestaciones del prejuicio racial en una muestra de la población brasileña, utilizando las escalas de racismo moderno de McConahay, Hardee y Batts (1981) y la escala de racismo cordial de Turra y Venturi (1995) y Venturi (2003). Se aplicó los cuestionarios a un total de 101 estudiantes de diversas universidades en la región sur de Brasil. Los resultados muestran que las dos escalas difieren entre si respecto a captar las expresiones del prejuicio. Las personas declararon mayor racismo moderno que racismo cordial. También hemos estudiado las variables que influyen en el prejuicio racial declarado por los participantes. La variable género y orientación a la dominancia social son variables que predicen el racismo moderno en la muestra estudiada. Los participantes indicaron, en mayor medida, la manifestación del prejuicio racial de forma encubierta y lo hacen más abiertamente cuando hay la posibilidad del contacto personal y estrecho.

This study measured the manifestations of racial prejudice in a sample of Brazilian population, using McConahay, Hardees and Batts's scales of modern racism (1981) and Datafolha (1995) and Ventury, G's (2003) scale of cordial racism. The questionnaires were applied to a total of 101 students of several universities in southern Brazil. The results demonstrate that both scales differ among themselves according to capturing prejudice expressions. The citizens had declared greater modern racism than cordial racism. Also, the variables related with the influence on racial prejudice, stated by the participants, were analyzed. The gender and orientation to social dominancy variables are variables that predict the modern racism in the sample studied. The participants indicated, in greater measure, the manifestation of racial prejudice in an uncovered form, being this manifestation in a more open way, when there was the possibility of a more personal and closer contact.

O estudo avaliou as manifestações de preconceito racial em uma amostra da população brasileira, usando escalas de racismo moderno de McConahay, Hardee e Batts (1981), escala racismo cordial do Datafolha (1995) e Venturi, G. (2003). Os questionários foram aplicados a um total de 101 estudantes de várias universidades da região sul do Brasil. Os resultados mostram que as duas escalas diferem entre si sobre como capturar as expressões de preconceito. As pessoas relataram mais racismo moderno que racismo cordial. Estudamos também as variáveis que influenciam o preconceito racial declarado pelos participantes. As variáveis gênero e orientação à dominância social são preditores do racismo moderno na amostra estudada. Os participantes indicaram, em maior medida, a manifestação do preconceito racial dissimulado e o fazem mais abertamente quando existe a possibilidade do contato pessoal e estreito.

RTOG criteria to evaluate acute skin reaction and its risk factors in patients with breast cancer submitted to radiotherapy.

PURPOSE: Evaluate and classify skin reactions through the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG) criteria and characterize factors that can intervene in these reactions. METHOD: Prospective study, with 86 women submitted to adjuvant breast radiotherapy with a total dose of 5040cGy, in a 6 MeV Linear Accelerator. Personal data were collected and breast size was measured (distance between field separation and breast height). The treated skin area was evaluated weekly. RESULTS: Breast height and treatment technique were significant factors in the univariate analysis for the incidence of degree 3 skin reactions. However, only breast height was a significant factor in the multivariate analysis for the severity of skin reactions. The chances of occurring degree 3 reactions increase 2.61 times for each increase in height unit (cm). These findings allow nurses to plan more adequate and individualized procedures for each patient and contribute to the optimization of treatment.

RTOG criteria to evaluate acute skin reaction and its risk factors in patients with breast cancer submitted to radiotherapy / Evaluación de las reacciones agudas de la piel y sus factores de riesgo en pacientes con cáncer de mama sometidos a radioterapia / Avaliação das reações agudas da pele e seus fatores de risco em pacientes com câncer de mama submetidas à radioterapia

PURPOSE: Evaluate and classify skin reactions through the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG) criteria and characterize factors that can intervene in these reactions. METHOD: Prospective study, with 86 women submitted to adjuvant breast radiotherapy with a total dose of 5040cGy, in a 6 MeV Linear Accelerator. Personal data were collected and breast size was measured (distance between field separation and breast height). The treated skin area was evaluated weekly. RESULTS: Breast height and treatment technique were significant factors in the univariate analysis for the incidence of degree 3 skin reactions. However, only breast height was a significant factor in the multivariate analysis for the severity of skin reactions. The chances of occurring degree 3 reactions increase 2.61 times for each increase in height unit (cm). These findings allow nurses to plan more adequate and individualized procedures for each patient and contribute to the optimization of treatment.

El objetivo fue evaluar y clasificar las reacciones de la piel según los criterios del Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG) y caracterizar factores que puedan interferir en esas reacciones. METODOLOGÍA: Estudio prospectivo, con 86 mujeres sometidas a la radioterapia en la mama, dosis total de 5040cGy, con Acelerador Lineal de 6 MeV. Fueron recolectados datos personales y medido el tamaño de la mama (distancia entre la separación de los campos y la altura de la mama). La evaluación de la piel del área de tratamiento fue realizada semanalmente. RESULTADOS: La altura de la mama y la técnica de tratamiento fueron significativos en el análisis univariado, para incidencia de reacción de piel grado 3. Sin embargo, solamente la altura de la mama fue el factor significativo en el análisis multivariado para la gravedad de la reacción de la piel. La probabilidad de ocurrir una reacción grado 3 aumenta 2,61 veces por cada aumento de 1 unidad de altura en cm. Lo encontrado le permite al enfermero planificar conductas más adecuadas e individualizadas para cada paciente y contribuir para optimizar el tratamiento.

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar e classificar as reações de pele, segundo os critérios do Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG) e caracterizar fatores que possam interferir nessas reações. A metodologia usada foi o estudo prospectivo, com 86 mulheres submetidas à radioterapia na mama, dose total de 5040cGy, com Acelerador Linear de 6 MeV. Coletou-se dados pessoais e foi medido o tamanho da mama (distância entre a separação dos campos e altura da mama). A avaliação da pele na área de tratamento foi realizada semanalmente. Concluiu-se que a altura da mama e a técnica de tratamento foram significantes na análise univariada, para incidência de reação de pele grau 3. Porém, apenas a altura da mama foi fator significante na análise multivariada para a gravidade da reação de pele. A chance de ocorrer reação grau 3 aumenta 2,61 vezes a cada aumento de 1 unidade de altura em cm. Esses achados permitem ao enfermeiro programar condutas mais adequadas e individualizadas a cada paciente e contribuir para a otimização do tratamento.

El prejuicio racial en Brasil: nuevas medidas y perspectivas / Racial prejudice in Brazil: new measures and perspectives

Se realizaron dos estudios. El primer estudio trataba de comprobar si la escala de racismo moderno de McConahay, Hardee y Batts (1981), resultaba un instrumento válido en la medición de las actitudes prejuiciosas en una muestra de la población brasileña. Se aplicó los cuestionarios a un total de 206 estudiantes de dos colegios. Los datos obtenidos muestran una fiabilidad aceptable de la escala. Los resultados muestran que el prejuicio declarado hacia los afrobrasileños es relativamente bajo. El segundo estudio analizó la percepción general de prejuicio y discriminación en una muestra de la población negra/mestiza. Los resultados muestran una moderada percepción general de prejuicio hacia su grupo y la frecuencia en la que han sido discriminados personalmente ha sido baja. Encontramos diferencias entre la variable etnia y discriminación personal percibida.(AU)

Two studies were performed. The first study was done in order to verify the validity of the scale of modern racism proposed by McCohahay, Hardee and Batts (1981) to measure the prejudiced attitudes in a sample of the Brazilian population. Questionnaires were applied in 206 students from two schools. The obtained data showed an acceptable reliability of the scale. Results show that the expression of prejudice declared by the African-Brazilians is relatively low. The second study examined the general perception of prejudice and discrimination on a sample of a black/mestizo population. The results show a moderate general perception of prejudice with this group but the frequency which they had been personally discriminated was low. We found differences between different ethnic groups and perceived personal discrimination.(AU)

El prejuicio racial en Brasil: nuevas medidas y perspectivas / Racial prejudice in Brazil: new measures and perspectives

Se realizaron dos estudios. El primer estudio trataba de comprobar si la escala de racismo moderno de McConahay, Hardee y Batts (1981), resultaba un instrumento válido en la medición de las actitudes prejuiciosas en una muestra de la población brasileña. Se aplicó los cuestionarios a un total de 206 estudiantes de dos colegios. Los datos obtenidos muestran una fiabilidad aceptable de la escala. Los resultados muestran que el prejuicio declarado hacia los afrobrasileños es relativamente bajo. El segundo estudio analizó la percepción general de prejuicio y discriminación en una muestra de la población negra/mestiza. Los resultados muestran una moderada percepción general de prejuicio hacia su grupo y la frecuencia en la que han sido discriminados personalmente ha sido baja. Encontramos diferencias entre la variable etnia y discriminación personal percibida.

Two studies were performed. The first study was done in order to verify the validity of the scale of modern racism proposed by McCohahay, Hardee and Batts (1981) to measure the prejudiced attitudes in a sample of the Brazilian population. Questionnaires were applied in 206 students from two schools. The obtained data showed an acceptable reliability of the scale. Results show that the expression of prejudice declared by the African-Brazilians is relatively low. The second study examined the general perception of prejudice and discrimination on a sample of a black/mestizo population. The results show a moderate general perception of prejudice with this group but the frequency which they had been personally discriminated was low. We found differences between different ethnic groups and perceived personal discrimination.

Europium luminescent polymeric microspheres fabricated by spray drying process.

The spray drying method was used to prepare luminescent microspheres. These microspheres were prepared by spraying an aqueous solution of dextrin and an europium(III) complex with subsequent drying in a hot medium. The spray dried powder was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and photoluminescence spectroscopy (PL). Particle size distribution was estimated from SEM images. The ultrasonic spray drying technique was successfully applied to yield a microparticulated and red luminescent powder composed by the [Eu(dpa)(3)](3-) (dpa = dipicolinic acid) complex incorporated in dextrin microspheres.

[Caring: a fundamental concept in nursing. A review of literature]. / Cuidar: um conceito central em enfermagem. Uma revisão do literatura.

Nursing is a profession based on the interaction with others therefore caring appears as one of its central concepts. The research around the concept is undervalued by the importance given to the technical and instrumental behaviours in nursing practice. A review of literature was undertaken on 20 articles published on a Portuguese nursing journal over ten years (1995-2005). The main purpose was to identify the conceptualizations underlying the concept of caring present in those articles. Caring appears to be inherent to nursing practice and arises from respect and concern for the patient. It's a skill that evolves with experience and, above all, with the reflection about that experience. Caring implies an intentional activity, and attitudes and feelings that shape the professional interaction established between nurse and patient. We consider that research around the concept of caring is important in order to reveal its patterns and processes and to enhance the knowledge about the caring phenomenon.

Nanocrystalline RE2O3:Tm3+ (RE: Gd3+, Y3+) blue phosphors synthesized via the combustion method.

This work reports on the preparation of a luminescent blue-emitting rare earth (RE) Tm-doped oxide phosphor. Nanocrystalline RE2O3:Tm3+ particles were prepared via the combustion method using citric acid, glycine, or urea as fuels. Samples were doped with different percentages of the activator Tm3+. The post-annealing treatment was performed in air for all the samples, at temperatures ranging from 800 to 1100 degrees C, for 4 h. The samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), photoluminescence spectroscopy (PL) and scanning electron and transmission microscopies (SEM and TEM) in order to determine the best synthetic procedure. The post-annealed powders showed blue emission with maximum at 452 nm characteristics for Tm3+ transition 1D2 --> 3H4 (under UV excitation at 360 nm). Samples, presented a tri-dimensional porous structure (50-200 nm) formed of spheroid particles with a diameter between 20 and 60 nm. The best luminescent material was obtained when urea was used to prepare nanoparticles of Gd2O3 doped with 0.5% Tm3+, and 1100 degrees C was used as the post-annealing temperature.

Er, Yb doped yttrium based nanosized phosphors: particle size, "host lattice" and doping ion concentration effects on upconversion efficiency.

The upconverter phosphors studied herein have different percentages of Er3+ and Yb3+ as doping ions in different Y3+ matrixes (Y2O3, Y2O2S), and were prepared from different precursors (polymeric resin, oxalate, basic carbonate) and method (combustion). Upconversion emission spectra were recorded at 298 K for all the doped samples in the visible region, for efficiency and Green/Red emission relative intensity comparisons. Therefore, an investigation of the influence of the doping ion concentration, particle size and host lattice on the upconversion process is provided in view of the UPT (Upconverting phosphor technology application). On the basis of the results, it was possible to evaluate the best combination for a specific assay, considering whether it is advantageous to have the greatest contribution from the green or red emissions, or from both in comparable intensities.

A atuaçäo do enfermeiro em radioterapia / The role of the nurse in radiation oncology

Este trabalho tem como objetivo mostrar a importância do enfermeiro no setor de radioterapia dando ênfase a três níveis de atuaçÝo: administrativo, assistencial e educacional. Em decorrência dos avanços técnico-científico da área da saúde, foi necessário a criaçÝo de novos serviços impondo os profissionais de saúde - entre os quais o enfermeiro - a necessidade de se atualizar e se adaptar a esse processo de desenvolvimento. Atualmente se tem reconhecido a importância do atendimento do enfermeiro aos pacientes que se submetem à quimioterapia, na radioterapia entretanto ainda sÝo poucos os serviços que valorizam e dispSem de um enfermeiro especializado. Os autores relatam suas experiências administrativas no que se referem ao processo de gerenciamento do serviço e a sua competência quanto à elaboraçÝo de relatórios administrativos, supervisÝo da equipe, coordenaçÝo do agendamento dos pacientes em tratamento, entre outras atividades. Quanto à área assistencial o enfermeiro é visto como um profissional diferenciado que necessita de conhecimento especializado e habilidades específicas para desenvolver as suas atividades na área de radioterapia. Enfatiza-se a importância da Consulta de Enfermagem e todas as suas implicaçSes. Quanto ao aspecto educacional mostram os autores que esta açÝo se encontra presente nas áreas relatadas. Eles destacam o treinamento dos funcionários, o acompanhamento dos estagiários de enfermagem, reciclagem para a enfermagem e atividade extra-hospitalares. Esta conquista de novos espaços vem demonstrar o interesse pela aquisiçÝo de conhecimentos técnicos científicos do enfermeiro e, nas instituiçSes de saúde, este profissional vem se destacando como elemento imprescindível e insubstituível em relaçÝo à qualidade da assistência prestada, desenvolvendo uma atençÝo individualizada e buscando formas de integraçÝo entre o conhecimento e a açÝo.