ABSTRACT
Background: Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is a malignant neoplasm associated with prolonged exposure to ultraviolet light and lack of skin pigment in white-coated animals. The disease diagnosis is based on the animal's history, clinical signs and histopathology of the samples collected. The therapeutic alternatives are diverse. Among them, one of the most used is the metronomic chemotherapy which is based on the use of cytostatics drugs, applied in low and frequent doses for a longer period of time. One of the mechanisms of action of this type of therapy is the decrease in angiogenesis. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are simultaneously used to maximize the angiogenic effect. The objective of this study is to report the results of a treatment accomplised with metronomic chemotherapy (cyclophosphamide with meloxicam) in a domestic feline which presented a squamous cell tumor. Case: A 7-year-old female cat, mixed breed, not neutered, weighing 3.5 kg, was assisted at the Veterinary Specialties Teaching Clinic (CEEV) of the Technical University of Machala (UTMACH), presenting bilateral ulcerative lesion in the nasal plane for 5 months. Chronic exposure to sunlight is referred to in the patient's anamnesis. Aspiration cytology performed in the patient revealed an inflammatory process with a predominance of neutrophils and macrophages, and showed absence of neoplastic cells. A treatment based on antibiotics and corticosteroids was adopted. As there were no favorable results, an excisional biopsy procedure was chosen to collect the affected tissues. The result of the histopathological analysis was a level 2 squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). The initial treatment consisted of surgical removal of the tumor and later the use of metronomic chemotherapy based on Cyclophosphamide, Meloxicam, DHA (docosahexaenoic acid) and Sucralfate for 5 months was adopted. At the beginning of the second phase of treatment, the patient developed a macula that progressively diminished. Currently, the patient does not have any recurrence of the diagnosed neoplasm. Discussion: The diagnosis of squamous cell carcinoma was based on clinical and histopathological findings. The macroscopic lesions were crusted ulcers that do not heal in the nasal plane and auricular pavilion, as reported in the literature. SCC is characterized by the infiltration of squamous cells in the dermal layer of the skin, forming epithelial islands with keratin pearls. The histopathological findings of this case present the same characteristics. The climatic conditions of Ecuador, high temperatures with greater incidence of sunlight, hypopigmented areas of the animal's body and chronic exposure to solar radiation are risk factors present in this case that foster the development of this malignant neoplasm. There are multiple treatments to be introduced in this sort of pathology. In this case, surgical removal of the tumor was adopted, followed by metronomic chemotherapy based on cyclophosphamide at 10 mg/m2 and meloxicam at a 0.05 mg/kg per day for a period of time of five months, obtaining favorable results and absence of recurrence. Despite metronomic chemotherapy being easy to administer, with fewer side effects, which includes a better acceptance of care takers who are reluctant to administer conventional chemotherapy, further studies are still necessary in what concerns certain variables such as age, carcinoma level, appropriate dosages and drugs according to each neoplasm.
Subject(s)
Animals , Female , Cats , Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/drug therapy , Cytostatic Agents/administration & dosage , Administration, Metronomic/veterinary , Skin Neoplasms/veterinaryABSTRACT
Background: Macracantorhincosis is a zoonotic disease resulting from inadequate sanitary conditions, which occurs in pigs infected by acanthocephalic helminths called Macracanthorhynchus hirudinaceus. The eggs of these parasites are resistant to cold, high temperatures and can survive up to 3 years in the soil. They are consumed by dung beetles of the Scarabeidae family causing the parasite to evolve into its infective form, the cystacanth. The pig becomes infected after ingestion of either larvae or adult forms of these coleoptera. This work describes a case report of macracantorhincosis found in a pig from the canton of Zaruma located in the province of El Oro, Ecuador. Case: One sow, approximately 24-month-old, weighing 30 kg, presented cachexia, muscle weakness, pale oral and ocular mucosa and a body temperature above 39.4°C. The animal had a bulge on the ventral side of the neck, which evolved causing progressive discomfort to the point that the animal stopped eating. The sow was dewormed for 3 consecutive days. Fifteen days later, the animal had convulsions and muscle tremors, and died some hours after the symptoms started. During necropsy procedure, pale digestive tract membranes and nodules with fibrin were observed in the small intestine (jejunum), which was incised and the presence of parasites adhered to the granulomas detected. Two granulomas for morphological and histological studies and stool samples for coproparasitic test were collected. The collected parasites were fixed in a 10% buffered formalin solution, cross-sections were made and routinely processed for histological studies. The 5 µm thick sections were stained using the hematoxylin and eosin (HE) technique. The parasite's action involves perforation of the intestinal wall though its proboscis causing peritonitis and enteritis. Other conditions in intestinal dissection such as necrotic areas, inflammation of the submucosa and adult parasites adhered to the intestinal mucosa were also observed. The coproparasitic examination was performed using the flotation and sedimentation techniques. The coproparasitic test detected dark colored feces, semi-solid consistency and the presence of Macracanthorhynchus hirudinaceu eggs. In the histological evaluation of the cross section of the parasite, the presence of circular and longitudinal muscle fibers and lemniscus with their constrictor muscles was observed. Cuticle, hypodermis with tapered fibers and a large number of developing mature eggs were also reported. Discussion: There is no pathognomonic symptomatology about this parasitosis and peritonitis can be generated by intestinal perforations. The findings at necropsy were ulcerations, inflammation in the small intestine and the presence of numerous nodules in the serous layer, where there was penetration of the parasite's proboscis. When fixed to the mucosa, these parasites cause ulcerations, inflammation and necrosis in the wall of the small intestine. The hypodermic layer is thicker than the muscular layer and the presence of leminis with their constricting muscles are typical features of acanthocephalus. It is considered appropriate to carry out epidemiological studies on the prevalence of the parasite Macracanthorhynchus hirudinaceus at pig farming system in the region, in order to determine the main risk factors. In Ecuador, cases of this disease in humans have not yet been reported, but have already been described in other countries, so the presence of this parasite in family swine farming may be considered a zoonotic-type risk factor.
Subject(s)
Animals , Female , Swine/parasitology , Acanthocephala/isolation & purification , Zoonoses/diagnosis , EcuadorABSTRACT
The epidemiology of toxoplasmosis in goats in the Amazon and pre-Amazon regions has been scarcely investigated, indicating that further studies are necessary to avoid losses in the production of small ruminants (due to factors such as: weight loss, low carcass yield and reproductive losses in the face of abortion cases), especially in the family context, as goat farming is the major income of small producers. Serum from 412 goats in Pará and Maranhão states were subjected to the Toxoplasma immunofluorescence antibody test for antibodies against Toxoplasma gondii. Of the total sample tested, 97 (23.5%) sera were positive for T. gondii. No statistical difference was found between the seroprevalence in Pará and Maranhão. The age of the animals showed a direct relationship with the prevalence of Toxoplasma infection. In Pará, farms where cats are fed placental remains and have access to the stable are 2.5 times more likely to be seropositive to T. gondii. In Maranhão, farms with more than six cats and those with goats older than 24 months of age are 4.5 and 2.0 times, respectively, more likely to be seropositive for T. gondii. Our results demonstrate that the sanitary handling of animals must consider the amount and access of cats to goats, and how to properly prevent the access and feeding of cats with placenta of goats. Animals older than 24 months were also considered an important risk factor associated with infection by T. gondii in goats.
A epidemiologia da toxoplasmose em caprinos na região amazônica e pré-amazônica tem sido pouco estudada, havendo necessidade de mais estudos para evitar perdas na produção de pequenos ruminantes (queda de peso, baixo rendimento de carcaças e perdas reprodutivas face aos casos de abortamento), principalmente no âmbito familiar, pois a caprinocultura é a principal renda dos pequenos produtores. Soro de 412 caprinos nos estados do Pará e Maranhão foram submetidos a reação de imunofluorescência indireta para anticorpos contra Toxoplasma gondii. Do total de amostras testadas, 97 (23,5%) dos soros foram positivos para T. gondii. Não foi observada diferença estatística entre a soroprevalência no Estado do Pará e Maranhão. A idade dos animais apresentou uma relação direta com a soroprevalência de Toxoplasma. No Pará, propriedades onde gatos se alimentavam de restos de placenta dos caprinos e acessavam ao aprisco tinham 2,5 vezes mais chances de serem soropositivos para T. gondii. No Maranhão, propriedades com mais de seis gatos e caprinos com idade superior a 24 meses tinham 4,5 e 2,0 vezes, respectivamente, mais chances de serem soropositivo para T. gondii. Nossos resultados demonstram que o manejo sanitário dos animais deve levar em conta a quantidade e acesso de gatos aos caprinos, e impedir o acesso e alimentação de gatos com placenta de cabras. Animais com idade superior a 24 meses também foram considerados um importante fator de risco associado à infecção pelo T. gondii em caprinos.
Subject(s)
Animals , Seroepidemiologic Studies , Toxoplasma/pathogenicity , Toxoplasmosis, Animal/epidemiologyABSTRACT
The epidemiology of toxoplasmosis in goats in the Amazon and pre-Amazon regions has been scarcely investigated, indicating that further studies are necessary to avoid losses in the production of small ruminants (due to factors such as: weight loss, low carcass yield and reproductive losses in the face of abortion cases), especially in the family context, as goat farming is the major income of small producers. Serum from 412 goats in Pará and Maranhão states were subjected to the Toxoplasma immunofluorescence antibody test for antibodies against Toxoplasma gondii. Of the total sample tested, 97 (23.5%) sera were positive for T. gondii. No statistical difference was found between the seroprevalence in Pará and Maranhão. The age of the animals showed a direct relationship with the prevalence of Toxoplasma infection. In Pará, farms where cats are fed placental remains and have access to the stable are 2.5 times more likely to be seropositive to T. gondii. In Maranhão, farms with more than six cats and those with goats older than 24 months of age are 4.5 and 2.0 times, respectively, more likely to be seropositive for T. gondii. Our results demonstrate that the sanitary handling of animals must consider the amount and access of cats to goats, and how to properly prevent the access and feeding of cats with placenta of goats. Animals older than 24 months were also considered an important risk factor associated with infection by T. gondii in goats.(AU)
A epidemiologia da toxoplasmose em caprinos na região amazônica e pré-amazônica tem sido pouco estudada, havendo necessidade de mais estudos para evitar perdas na produção de pequenos ruminantes (queda de peso, baixo rendimento de carcaças e perdas reprodutivas face aos casos de abortamento), principalmente no âmbito familiar, pois a caprinocultura é a principal renda dos pequenos produtores. Soro de 412 caprinos nos estados do Pará e Maranhão foram submetidos a reação de imunofluorescência indireta para anticorpos contra Toxoplasma gondii. Do total de amostras testadas, 97 (23,5%) dos soros foram positivos para T. gondii. Não foi observada diferença estatística entre a soroprevalência no Estado do Pará e Maranhão. A idade dos animais apresentou uma relação direta com a soroprevalência de Toxoplasma. No Pará, propriedades onde gatos se alimentavam de restos de placenta dos caprinos e acessavam ao aprisco tinham 2,5 vezes mais chances de serem soropositivos para T. gondii. No Maranhão, propriedades com mais de seis gatos e caprinos com idade superior a 24 meses tinham 4,5 e 2,0 vezes, respectivamente, mais chances de serem soropositivo para T. gondii. Nossos resultados demonstram que o manejo sanitário dos animais deve levar em conta a quantidade e acesso de gatos aos caprinos, e impedir o acesso e alimentação de gatos com placenta de cabras. Animais com idade superior a 24 meses também foram considerados um importante fator de risco associado à infecção pelo T. gondii em caprinos.(AU)