Projeto Conscientização da Violência contra a Pessoa Idosa / Violence Awareness Project Against Elderly

O propósito principal deste trabalho foi de apresentar e analisar a frequência das diversas ações e manifestações de crimes contra o idoso, e pouco se tem feito para reduzir as violências domésticas, os acidentes de trânsito, suicídios, homicídios, agressões verbais e negligência em ambientes familiares, serviços públicos ou privados. A partir desta pesquisa pode-se perceber a importância de promover educação para a cidadania no âmbito do envelhecimento na sociedade em geral, mas, sobretudo, nos serviços de saúde, visando à valorização do idoso, o respeito a ele e a garantia de seus direitos (AU)

Absence of effect of menopause status at initiation of first-line antiretroviral therapy on immunologic or virologic responses: a cohort study from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the effectiveness of first-line combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) between premenopausal and postmenopausal women. METHODS: ART-naïve women initiating cART between January 2000/June 2010 at the Instituto de Pesquisa Clínica Evandro Chagas Cohort were studied. Women were defined as postmenopausal after 12 consecutive months of amenorrhea. CD4 cell counts and HIV-1 RNA viral load (VL) measurements were compared between pre- and postmenopausal at 6, 12 and 24 months after cART initiation. Women who modified/discontinued a drug class or died due to an AIDS defining illness were classified as ART-failures. Variables were compared using Wilcoxon test, χ2 or Fisher's exact test. The odds of cART effectiveness (VL<400 copies/mL and/or no need to change cART) were compared using logistic regression. Linear model was used to access relationship between CD4 change and menopause. RESULTS: Among 383 women, 328 (85%) were premenopausal and 55 (15%) postmenopausal. Median pre cART CD4 counts were 231 and 208 cells/mm(3) (p = 0.14) in pre- and postmenopausal women, respectively. No difference in the median pre cART VL was found (both 4.8 copies/mL). Median CD4 changes were similar at 6 and 12 months. At 24 months after cART initiation, CD4 changes among postmenopausal women were significantly lower among premenopausal women (p = 0.01). When the analysis was restricted to women with VL<400 copies/mL, no statistical difference was observed. Overall, 63.7% achieved cART effectiveness at 24 months without differences between groups at 6, 12 and 24 months. CONCLUSION: Menopause status at the time of first-line cART initiation does not impact CD4 cell changes at 24 months among women with a virologic response. No relationship between menopause status and virologic response was observed.

Alimentos na consistência líquida e deglutição: uma revisão crítica da literatura / Food in liquid consistency and deglutition: a critical review of the literature

O objetivo da presente revisão de literatura foi analisar artigos científicos internacionais publicados sobre a fisiologia da deglutição de alimentos líquidos nas fases oral e faríngea. A metodologia empregada envolveu a formulação da pergunta; localização e seleção dos estudos; avaliação crítica dos artigos; conforme os preceitos do Cochrane Handbook. Foram identificados 185 artigos, dos quais se excluiu 141 por não relacionarem-se diretamente ao tema e analisou-se 29 estudos. As pesquisas estão fortemente relacionadas às formas de identificação de disfagia e não as características proporcionadas pela deglutição de diferentes consistências. Quanto à metodologia empregada nos artigos analisados observa-se que na maioria dos estudos não há grupo-controle. Os grupos estudados são heterogêneos, principalmente quando considerando indivíduos com alterações neurológicas, além disso, não há pareamento de idade na maioria dos estudos. Dessa forma, os achados desta revisão demonstram que há dificuldade na aplicabilidade clínica dos achados científicos, dificultando a prática baseada evidências.

The purpose of the present literature review was to analyze international scientific papers published on the physiology of swallowing fluids in the oral and pharyngeal phases. The employed methodology involved the formulation of the question, location and selection of studies, critical assessment of the manuscripts, according to the concepts of the Cochrane Handbook. We identified 185 articles, out of which 141 were excluded for not being directly related to the theme. Twenty-nine studies were analyzed. The researchers are strongly related to ways of identifying dysphagia and not the features offered by swallowing various consistencies. Regarding the methodology employed in the reviewed articles it is observed that in most studies there are no control groups. The studied groups are heterogeneous, especially when considering individuals with neurological disorders. In addition, subjects are not paired by age. Thus, the findings of this review indicate that there is great difficulty for clinicians to apply in their daily practice scientific findings, which in turn makes evidence-based practice very limited.

Factors associated with colposcopy-histopathology confirmed cervical intraepithelial neoplasia among HIV-infected women from Rio De Janeiro, Brazil.

INTRODUCTION: Despite the availability of preventive strategies (screening tests and vaccines), cervical cancer continues to impose a significant health burden in low- and medium-resourced countries. HIV-infected women are at increased risk for infection with human papillomavirus (HPV) and thus development of cervical squamous intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN). METHODS: Study participants included HIV-infected women enrolling the prospective open cohort of Evandro Chagas Clinical Research Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (IPEC/FIOCRUZ). At cohort entry, women were subjected to conventional Papanicolaou test, HPV-DNA test and colposcopy; lesions suspicious for CIN were biopsied. Histopathology report was based on directed biopsy or on specimens obtained by excision of the transformation zone or cervical conization. Poisson regression modeling was used to assess factors associated with CIN2+ diagnosis. RESULTS: The median age of the 366 HIV-infected women included in the study was 34 years (interquartile range: 28-41 years). The prevalence of CIN1, CIN2 and CIN3 were 20.0%, 3.5%, and 2.2%, respectively. One woman was found to have cervical cancer. The prevalence of CIN2+ was 6.0%. Factors associated with CIN2+ diagnosis in the multivariate model were age < years compared to ≥ 35 years (aPR  =  3.22 95%CI 1.23-8.39), current tobacco use (aPR  =  3.69 95%CI 1.54-8.78), nadir CD4 T-cell count <350 cells/mm3 when compared to ≥ 350 cells/mm3 (aPR  =  6.03 95%CI 1.50-24.3) and concomitant diagnosis of vulvar and/or vaginal intraepithelial lesion (aPR  =  2.68 95%CI 0.99-7.24). DISCUSSION: Increased survival through wide-spread use of highly active antiretroviral therapy might allow for the development of cervical cancer. In Brazil, limited cytology screening and gynecological care adds further complexity to the HIV-HPV co-infection problem. Integrated HIV care and cervical cancer prevention programs are needed for the prevention of cervical cancer mortality in this group of women.

Características de um grupo de adolescentes com suspeita de neoplasia intra-epitelial cervical / Characteristics of a group of adolescents with suspected cervical intraepithelial neoplasia

OBJETIVO: avaliar a prevalência de alterações citológicas, colposcópicas e histopatológicas observadas no colo uterino de adolescentes com suspeita de neoplasia cervical e as correlações epidemiológicas, compararando com mulheres adultas jovens. MÉTODOS: estudo transversal, retrospectivo de revisão de 366 prontuários de mulheres encaminhadas para esclarecimento diagnóstico com suspeita de neoplasia cervical. As pacientes foram classificadas em dois grupos definidos por idade. O grupo Adolescente foi composto por 129 mulheres de 13 a 19 anos e o grupo Adulta foi composto por 237 mulheres de 20 a 24 anos. Foram calculados razão de prevalência (RP), respectivos intervalos de confiança (IC) a 95 por cento para cada variável, teste chi2 ou teste exato de Fisher quando aplicável para comparação das proporções. RESULTADOS: a sexarca ocorreu em média aos 15,0 anos no grupo Adolescente e 16,6 anos no grupo Adulta. A chance de diagnóstico de alterações citológicas no primeiro exame realizado (RP=2,61; IC 95 por cento: 2,0-3,4), a condição neoplasia intra-epitelial cervical (NIC) a esclarecer (RP=1,78; IC 95 por cento: 1,26-2,52) e a colposcopia de baixo grau (RP=1,42; IC 95 por cento: 1,08-1,86) foram estatisticamente significantes no grupo Adolescente. A análise histopatológica não mostrou diferenças para qualquer grau de NIC. Entretanto, foram identificados dois casos de carcinoma microinvasor, sendo um em cada grupo, e três casos de carcinoma invasor no grupo Adulta. CONCLUSAO: nosso estudo sugere que o câncer de colo uterino é raro na adolescência, mas verificamos que alterações a ele associadas aconteceram em mulheres muito jovens. A investigação da neoplasia intra-epitelial cervical com a aplicação criteriosa dos mesmos métodos utilizados para a mulher adulta foi apropriada também na adolescência.