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1.
J Hosp Infect ; 137: 44-53, 2023 Jul.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37160231

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVES: In Tuscany, Italy, New Delhi metallo-beta-lactamase-producing carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales (NDM-CRE) in hospitalized patients has increasingly been observed since 2018, leading in 2019 to the implementation of enhanced control measures successfully reducing transmission. We describe the NDM-CRE epidemiology during the COVID-19 pandemic in Tuscany. METHODS: Data on NDM-CRE patients hospitalized in five Tuscan hospitals were collected from January 2019 to December 2021. Weekly rates of NDM-CRE cases on hospital days in medical and critical-care wards were calculated. In March-December 2020, NDM-CRE rates were stratified by COVID-19 diagnosis. Multi-variate regression analysis was performed to assess outcomes' differences among two periods analysed and between COVID-19 populations. RESULTS: Since March 2020, an increase in NDM-CRE cases was observed, associated with COVID-19 admissions. COVID-19 patients differed significantly from non-COVID-19 ones by several variables, including patient features (age, Charlson index) and clinical history and outcomes (NDM-CRE infection/colonization, intensive care unit stay, length of stay, mortality). During the pandemic, we observed a higher rate of NDM-CRE cases per hospital day in both non-COVID-19 patients (273/100,000) and COVID-19 patients (370/100,00) when compared with pre-pandemic period cases (187/100,00). CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggest a resurgence in NDM-CRE spread among hospitalized patients in Tuscany during the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as a change in patients' case-mix. The observed increase in hospital transmission of NDM-CRE could be related to changes in infection prevention and control procedures, aimed mainly at COVID-19 management, leading to new challenges in hospital preparedness and crisis management planning.


Subject(s)
COVID-19 , Gammaproteobacteria , Humans , Pandemics , COVID-19 Testing , COVID-19/epidemiology , beta-Lactamases , Hospitals , Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology , Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use , Microbial Sensitivity Tests
2.
J Endocrinol Invest ; 45(1): 209-214, 2022 Jan.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34191258

ABSTRACT

PURPOSE: The SARS-CoV-2 genome has been detected in a variety of human samples including blood, urine, semen, and faeces. However, evidence of virus presence in tissues other than lung are limited. METHODS: We investigated whether SARS-CoV-2 could be detected in 50 autoptic specimens of endocrine organs from 29 patients who died of COVID-19. RESULTS: The virus was detected in 25 specimens including ten abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue samples (62%), six testes (67%), and nine thyroid (36%) samples. The analysis of multiple endocrine organ samples obtained from the same patients showed that, in virus-positive cases, the viral genome was consistently detected in all but two matched specimens. CONCLUSION: Our findings show that the virus spread into endocrine organs is a common event in severe cases. Further studies should assess the rate of the phenomenon in clinically mild cases. The potential long-term effects of COVID-19 on endocrine functions should be taken into consideration.


Subject(s)
COVID-19/virology , Endocrine Glands/virology , SARS-CoV-2/isolation & purification , Abdominal Fat/virology , Adult , Autopsy , COVID-19/epidemiology , Comorbidity , Female , Humans , Lung/virology , Male , Middle Aged , RNA, Viral/analysis , SARS-CoV-2/genetics , Subcutaneous Fat/virology , Testis/virology , Thyroid Gland/virology
3.
Ann Ig ; 32(6): 674-681, 2020.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33175077

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Toscana virus (TOSV) is an arbovirus transmitted to humans by Phlebotomus spp sandflies. It causes aseptic meningitis and meningoencephalitis with marked seasonality. Here we describe the clinical, microbiological and epidemiological features of two clusters of cases occurred in Tuscany in 2018. METHODS: A confirmed case was defined as the detection of anti-TOSV IgM and IgG in serum sample, in presence of typical clinical manifestations. We consulted hospital records of hospitalized patients to collect clinical information and obtained epidemiological information from the local health authority investigation report. We telephonically interviewed patients using a standard questionnaire for a 6 months follow-up. RESULTS: A total of 12 cases of TOSV meningo-encephalitis with onset between 4th of July and 12th of September accessed health care services in the province of Livorno. Eight cases were males with median age 41,5 and four were not resident in the area. Serological investigations confirmed a recent TOSV infection. Eight cases reported visiting Elba Island and four had a possible occupational-related exposure. CONCLUSIONS: This surge of infection emphasizes the need of information campaigns coupled with adequate surveillance and control interventions against TOSV that, among other arboviruses, is a growing issue of concern in Italy.


Subject(s)
Meningoencephalitis/epidemiology , Phlebotomus Fever/epidemiology , Sandfly fever Naples virus , Adult , Antibodies, Viral/blood , Communicable Diseases, Emerging/epidemiology , Disease Outbreaks , Female , Follow-Up Studies , Humans , Immunoglobulin G/blood , Immunoglobulin M/blood , Interviews as Topic , Italy/epidemiology , Male , Mediterranean Islands/epidemiology , Meningitis, Aseptic/diagnosis , Meningitis, Aseptic/epidemiology , Meningoencephalitis/diagnosis , Middle Aged , Occupational Diseases/epidemiology , Phlebotomus Fever/diagnosis , Sandfly fever Naples virus/immunology , Seasons , Surveys and Questionnaires , Tourism , Travel-Related Illness , Young Adult
4.
Clin Microbiol Infect ; 26(10): 1406-1410, 2020 Oct.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31972321

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVES: Torquetenovirus (TTV) is an emerging marker of functional immune competence with the potential to predict transplant-related adverse events. A large-scale epidemiological study was performed to understand how basal values vary in healthy individuals according to age and gender. METHODS: We tested plasma from 1017 healthy blood donors aged 18-69 years. The presence and load of TTV were determined by a real-time PCR assay. A sub-cohort of 384 donors was tested for anti-cytomegalovirus IgG antibodies, and 100 participants were also tested for TTV viraemia on a paired whole blood sample. RESULTS: The overall prevalence of TTV was 65% (657/1017) with a mean (±SD) growth of 5 ± 4% every 10 years of age increase, but stably higher in males (465/690, 67%) than in females (192/327, 59%). Mean (±SD) TTV load was 2.3 ± 0.7 Log copies/mL with no sex difference. TTV viraemia showed modest increases along 10-year age intervals (mean ± SD: 0.3 ± 0.1). TTV viraemia in donors sampled 2 years later remained stable (mean ± SD: 2.3 ± 0.8 versus 2.2 ± 0.7 Log copies between samples). Twenty-six per cent (9/34) of blood donors with TTV-negative plasma scored positive when whole blood was tested, and the donors with positive plasma showed a mean (±SD) 1.4 ± 0.5 Log increase in copy numbers when whole blood was tested. CONCLUSIONS: This study establishes the mean value of TTV viraemia in plasma in healthy blood donors and suggests that ageing causes only minimal increases in TTV viraemia.


Subject(s)
Blood Donors/statistics & numerical data , DNA Virus Infections/epidemiology , DNA, Viral/blood , Torque teno virus/isolation & purification , Viremia/epidemiology , Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Aging , Blood Transfusion , Female , Healthy Volunteers/statistics & numerical data , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Plasma/virology , Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction , Viral Load , Young Adult
5.
Clin Microbiol Infect ; 25(2): 133-135, 2019 Feb.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30580032
6.
Clin Microbiol Infect ; 25(2): 136-141, 2019 Feb.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30502490

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: New technologies allow rapid detecting and counting of virus genomes in clinical specimens, defining susceptibility to specific antivirals, pinpointing molecular sequences correlated to virulence traits, and identifying viral and host factors driving resolution or chronicity of infections. As a result, during the past three decades the diagnostic virology laboratory has become crucial for patient care and an integral component of the multifarious armamentarium for patient management. This change in paradigm has caused obsolescence of methods once considered the reference standard of infectious disease diagnosis that were used to detect whole or specific components of virions in the specimen. OBJECTIVES: This review provides an overview of standard and novel technologies applied to molecular diagnosis of viral infections and illustrates some crucial points for correcting interpretation of the laboratory data. SOURCES: Peer-reviewed literature of topics pertinent to this review. CONTENT AND IMPLICATIONS: New technologies are reinventing the way virologic diagnoses are made, with a conversion to new, simpler-to-use platforms. Although indicated for the same purpose, not all methods are equal and can yield different results. Further, tests identifying multiple analytes at once can detect microorganisms present or activated as a result of pathologic processes triggered by other pathogens or noninfectious causes. Thus, new directions will have to be taken in the way in which the diagnoses of viral diseases are performed. This represents a breakthrough in the clinical virology laboratory.


Subject(s)
Virus Diseases/diagnosis , Virus Diseases/virology , Viruses/isolation & purification , High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing , Humans , Microbial Interactions , Molecular Diagnostic Techniques , Viruses/classification
7.
J Endocrinol Invest ; 40(5): 499-503, 2017 May.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27987077

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: One of the hypotheses on the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases, including Graves' disease (GD) and Graves' orbitopathy (GO), involves bacterial or viral infections. Recently, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) has been proposed to play a role in the pathogenesis of idiopathic orbital inflammatory pseudotumor (IOIP) in Asians. The aim of the present study was to investigate the possible association of GO with EBV infection/exposure, as compared with IOIP, using serum and tissue samples, as well as primary cultures of orbital fibroblasts. METHODS: Thirty-one patients were studied, including four with IOIP, ten with GO, nine with GD without GO and eight control patients without IOIP, GD and GO. All patients with IOIP and GO underwent orbital decompression. Control patients underwent palpebral surgery. Fibroadipose orbital tissue samples were collected. Serum anti-EBV antibodies were measured in all patients. EBV-DNA was measured in blood samples, orbital tissue samples and primary cultures of orbital fibroblasts. RESULTS: Serum assays showed that the vast majority of patients have had a previous exposure to EBV, but no one had an acute infection. EBV-DNA was detected in ~40% of blood samples from GO, GD and control patients, but in none of the IOIP samples. EBV-DNA was not detected in any of the orbital tissue samples tested or in primary cultures of orbital fibroblasts. CONCLUSIONS: EBV infection does not seem to be associated with GD, GO and IOIP in Caucasians. Whether EBV is involved in IOIP in Asians or other populations remains to be confirmed.


Subject(s)
Epstein-Barr Virus Infections/virology , Fibroblasts/virology , Graves Ophthalmopathy/virology , Orbital Pseudotumor/virology , Aged , Case-Control Studies , Cells, Cultured , DNA, Viral/genetics , Epstein-Barr Virus Infections/blood , Epstein-Barr Virus Infections/complications , Female , Fibroblasts/cytology , Fibroblasts/metabolism , Follow-Up Studies , Graves Ophthalmopathy/blood , Graves Ophthalmopathy/complications , Herpesvirus 4, Human/genetics , Herpesvirus 4, Human/isolation & purification , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Orbital Pseudotumor/blood , Orbital Pseudotumor/complications , Prognosis
8.
Clin Microbiol Infect ; 22(10): 826-832, 2016 Oct.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27592089

ABSTRACT

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a major global health burden accounting for around 170 million chronic infections worldwide. Since its discovery, which dates back to about 30 years ago, many details of the viral genome organization and the astonishing genetic diversity have been unveiled but, owing to the difficulty of culturing HCV in vitro and obtaining fully susceptible yet immunocompetent in vivo models, we are still a long way from the full comprehension of viral life cycle, host cell pathways facilitating or counteracting infection, pathogenetic mechanisms in vivo, and host defences. Here, we illustrate the viral life cycle into cells, describe the interplay between immune and genetic host factors shaping the course of infection, and provide details of the molecular approaches currently used to genotype, monitor replication in vivo, and study the emergence of drug-resistant viral variants.


Subject(s)
Hepacivirus/physiology , Hepatitis C/drug therapy , Hepatitis C/immunology , Antiviral Agents/pharmacology , Antiviral Agents/therapeutic use , Drug Resistance, Viral , Genotype , Hepacivirus/pathogenicity , Hepatitis C/genetics , Host-Pathogen Interactions , Humans , Virulence Factors/genetics , Virulence Factors/immunology , Virus Replication
9.
Clin Microbiol Infect ; 22(7): 589-93, 2016 Jul.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27093875

ABSTRACT

Torquetenovirus (TTV) is the most abundant component of human virome. Virologists have long ignored this orphan and highly divergent virus, in part because TTV cannot be cultured and because it lacks serology reagents and animal models. Nevertheless, it is almost endemic worldwide and is insensitive to current antiviral drugs, so its monitoring is useful in various conditions. To date, TTV as a marker has proved useful in at least two circumstances: to identify anthropogenic pollution and to assess functional immune competence in immunosuppressed individuals. This review summarizes recent findings about TTV and discusses the main hurdles in translating them into clinical diagnostics.


Subject(s)
DNA Virus Infections/virology , Immunocompromised Host , Microbiota , Torque teno virus/isolation & purification , Host-Pathogen Interactions , Humans
12.
Blood Cancer J ; 4: e211, 2014 May 09.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24813079

ABSTRACT

Reprogramming somatic cells into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells is nowadays approaching effectiveness and clinical grade. Potential uses of this technology include predictive toxicology, drug screening, pathogenetic studies and transplantation. Here, we review the basis of current iPS cell technology and potential applications in hematology, ranging from disease modeling of congenital and acquired hemopathies to hematopoietic stem and other blood cell transplantation.


Subject(s)
Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells/physiology , Animals , Hematology/methods , Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation/methods , Humans , Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells/cytology
13.
Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol ; 25(2): 523-9, 2012.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-22697086

ABSTRACT

The xenotropic murine leukemia virus-related virus (XMRV) has been recently linked to chronic fatigue syndrome in a US cohort in whom the virus was demonstrated in 67% patients vs 3.7% healthy controls. Albeit this finding was not substantiated by subsequent reports and eventually considered a laboratory contamination, the matter is still the object of intense debate and scrutiny in various cohorts of patients. In this work we examined well-clinically characterized Italian patients affected by chronic fatigue syndrome, and also fibromyalgia and rheumatoid arthritis, two chronic illnesses of basically unknown etiology which show quite a few symptoms in common with chronic fatigue syndrome. Although we used recently updated procedures and controls, the XMRV was not found in 65 patients with chronic fatigue syndrome diagnosis, 55 with fibromyalgia, 25 with rheumatoid arthritis, nor in 25 healthy controls. These results add to the ever-growing number of surveys reporting the absence of XMRV in chronic fatigue syndrome patients and suggest that the virus is also absent in fibromyalgia and rheumatoid arthritis.


Subject(s)
Arthritis, Rheumatoid/virology , Fatigue Syndrome, Chronic/virology , Fibromyalgia/virology , Xenotropic murine leukemia virus-related virus/isolation & purification , Adult , Arthritis, Rheumatoid/epidemiology , Case-Control Studies , Fatigue Syndrome, Chronic/epidemiology , Female , Fibromyalgia/epidemiology , Humans , Italy/epidemiology , Male , Middle Aged , Risk Assessment , Risk Factors
14.
Clin Microbiol Infect ; 18(2): 184-8, 2012 Feb.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-21672082

ABSTRACT

The human pathogen xenotropic murine leukaemia virus-related virus (XMRV) has been tentatively associated with prostate cancer and chronic fatigue syndrome. Unfortunately, subsequent studies failed to identify the virus in various clinical settings. To determine whether XMRV circulates in humans and the relationship with its host, we searched for the virus in 124 human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients who might have been exposed to XMRV, might be prone to infection as a result of progressive immunodeficiency, and had not yet been treated with antiretroviral drugs. Using nested PCR and single-step TaqMan real-time PCR, both designed on the XMRV gag gene, we could not find any positive samples. These findings add to the growing amount of scepticism regarding XMRV.


Subject(s)
Blood Cells/virology , Fatigue Syndrome, Chronic/virology , HIV Infections/complications , Prostatic Neoplasms/virology , Xenotropic murine leukemia virus-related virus/isolation & purification , Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Polymerase Chain Reaction , Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction , Young Adult
15.
Clin Microbiol Infect ; 17(12): 1759-68, 2011 Dec.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-21995285

ABSTRACT

Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are well-established therapeutics, as evidenced by the large number of Food and Drug Administration-approved mAbs for the treatment of cancers, and inflammatory or autoimmune diseases, and for the prevention and treatment of solid organ transplant rejection. Although, in many cases, mAbs have improved patient survival, they are also associated with an increased incidence of opportunistic infections. We review here the current and next generation of mAbs and the risks that infectious disease specialists should be aware of.


Subject(s)
Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use , Autoimmune Diseases/drug therapy , Graft Rejection/prevention & control , Immunosuppressive Agents/therapeutic use , Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/drug therapy , Neoplasms/drug therapy , Opportunistic Infections/epidemiology , Antibodies, Monoclonal/adverse effects , Humans , Immunosuppressive Agents/adverse effects , Opportunistic Infections/chemically induced , United States , United States Food and Drug Administration
16.
Tissue Antigens ; 76(2): 159-60, 2010 Aug.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-20331836

ABSTRACT

Here, we describe the identification of a novel human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DRB1 allele, DRB1*1189, that was found in an Italian Caucasian individual. This sequence differs from HLA-DRB1*1134 by three nucleotide exchange at positions 286 (C-->T), 296 (A-->G), and 308 (C-->A) in exon 2.


Subject(s)
HLA-DR Antigens/genetics , Alleles , Base Sequence , Exons , HLA-DRB1 Chains , Humans , Italy , Molecular Sequence Data , Polymerase Chain Reaction , Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide , Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid , White People/genetics
17.
J Pathol ; 209(4): 436-44, 2006 Aug.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-16710841

ABSTRACT

The hypothesis that a retrovirus homologous to the mouse mammary tumour virus (MMTV) is involved in human breast cancer aetiology has fascinated scientists from many years, but it has never been convincingly demonstrated. Renewed interest in this hypothesis developed when an MMTV env gene-like sequence was found in 38% of human breast cancer tissues. Whereas some subsequent studies confirmed these findings, others did not. The main reasons for this discrepancy, among others, are the different sensitivities and technical details of current molecular approaches to the detection of these sequences. This study is an attempt to find sensitive and reproducible conditions capable of detecting MMTV env-like sequence in human samples. To this end, we first developed a fluorescence nested-PCR (FN-PCR) method that was able to detect very low copies of the viral genome, and then screened a panel of 45 frozen breast cancer samples obtained by laser microdissection. The MMTV env gene-like sequence was found in 15 (33%) of the human breast cancers analysed, whereas the same sequence was detectable neither in normal tissues nor in other types of tumour. Sequence analysis revealed 96% homology with the MMTV genome, but no other significant similarities with the human genome. The combined use of frozen material, microdissected cell populations and FN-PCR provides a novel, sensitive, robust, non-radioactive and fast methodology for the molecular detection of human-MTV. This approach might be successfully used in large molecular studies that aim to investigate the hypothesis of a retroviral aetiology of human breast cancer.


Subject(s)
Breast Neoplasms/virology , Genes, env , Mammary Tumor Virus, Mouse/genetics , Retroviridae Infections/complications , Base Sequence , Cloning, Molecular , DNA, Neoplasm/analysis , DNA, Viral/analysis , Female , Humans , Lasers , Microdissection/methods , Molecular Sequence Data , Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods , Sequence Alignment , Sequence Homology
18.
Vet Immunol Immunopathol ; 109(3-4): 245-54, 2006 Feb 15.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-16169599

ABSTRACT

Feline immunodeficiency virus sustains an AIDS-like syndrome in cats, which is considered a relevant model for human AIDS. Under precise enrolment requirements, 30 naturally infected cats showing overt disease were included in a trial of low-dose, oral human interferon-alpha treatment. Twenty-four of them received 10 IU/Kg of human interferon-alpha and 6 placebo only on a daily basis under veterinary supervision. The low-dose human interferon-alpha treatment significantly prolonged the survival of virus-infected cats (p<0.01) and brought to a rapid improvement of disease conditions in the infected hosts. Amelioration of clinical conditions was neither correlated with plasma viremia, nor with proviral load in leukocytes. A good survival of CD4+ T cells and a slow increase of CD8+ T cells were also observed in human interferon-alpha-treated cats. Interestingly, the improvement of the total leukocyte counts showed a much stronger correlation with the recovery from serious opportunistic infections. As shown in other models of low-dose interferon-alpha treatment, there was a rapid regression of overt immunopathological conditions in virus-infected cats. This hints at a major role of interferon-alpha in the control circuits of inflammatory cytokines, which was probably the very foundation of the improved clinical score and survival despite the unabated persistence of virus and virus-infected cells.


Subject(s)
Feline Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/drug therapy , Immunodeficiency Virus, Feline/growth & development , Interferon-alpha/administration & dosage , Viremia/veterinary , Animals , CD4 Lymphocyte Count , CD4-CD8 Ratio , CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes , Cats , Feline Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/immunology , Feline Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/virology , Female , Flow Cytometry/veterinary , Immunodeficiency Virus, Feline/genetics , Immunodeficiency Virus, Feline/immunology , Male , RNA, Viral/chemistry , RNA, Viral/genetics , Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction/veterinary , Survival Analysis , Viremia/drug therapy , Viremia/immunology
19.
Virology ; 332(2): 676-90, 2005 Feb 20.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-15680433

ABSTRACT

Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) made defective in the accessory gene ORF-A were previously shown to be greatly attenuated in its ability to replicate in lymphocytes but to grow normally or near normally in other cell types. Here, we examined whether FIV thus mutated could protect specific pathogen-free cats against challenge with ex vivo fully virulent homologous virus. No reversion of the vaccinating infections to wild type ORF-A was noted over 22 months of in vivo infection. Following challenge, 6/6 unvaccinated control cats became readily and heavily infected. In contrast, 3/9 vaccinees showed no evidence of the challenge virus over a 15-month observation period. In the other vaccinees, the challenge virus was predominant for various periods of time, but pre-existing viral loads and CD4 lymphocyte counts were either unaffected or altered only marginally and transiently. These findings show that ORF-A-defective FIV should be further examined as a candidate live attenuated vaccine.


Subject(s)
Feline Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/virology , Immunodeficiency Virus, Feline/genetics , Immunodeficiency Virus, Feline/immunology , RNA, Viral/genetics , Vaccines, Attenuated , Viral Vaccines , Amino Acid Sequence , Animals , Base Sequence , Cats , DNA, Viral/genetics , Defective Viruses/genetics , Defective Viruses/immunology , Molecular Sequence Data , RNA, Viral/immunology , Sequence Alignment
20.
Tissue Antigens ; 63(6): 606-8, 2004 Jun.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-15140044

ABSTRACT

This report describes the identification of a novel DPB1 allele, DPB *9701, found in an Italian Caucasian individual. The new allele was detected by human leukocyte antigen sequence-based typing carried out to investigate the role of genetic factors in determining the outcome of hepatitis C virus infection. DPB1*9701 was identical to DPB1*0501 except for a single-nucleotide substitution at codon 43 (GGG --> TGG). This nucleotide change is a non-synonymous mutation and results in the amino acid substitution glycine (G) --> tryptophan (W). The nucleotide sequence has been deposited in GenBank under the accession number AY033075, and denominated DPB1*9701 by the official World Health Organization Nomenclature Committee.


Subject(s)
HLA-DP Antigens/genetics , Base Sequence , HLA-DP beta-Chains , Humans , Molecular Sequence Data , Sequence Alignment
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