A Mixed-Method Analytical Cross-Sectional Research of Person-Centered Learning Behaviors Among Adolescent and Adult Learners.

Background In their academic lives, students progress from the stage of primary learning to the stage of adolescent learning and then to the stage of adult learning. At every step of learning, learners display particular learning habits, which must be mapped out to maximize learning. Objectives The objective of the present study is to evaluate the person-centered behaviors that influence learning among learners in adolescent and adult age groups by employing a learning behavior questionnaire that has been previously validated. Material and methods A cross-sectional study in which 944 participants were enrolled, including 456 adolescents from English-medium schools (aged 11 to 16 years) and 488 adults from a health professional institute (aged 18 to 23 years). The validated learning behavior questionnaire, which study participants rated on a scale of 0, 1, and 2, served as the study's quantitative component. The focus group discussion that was held for a group of adult and teenage students comprised the study's qualitative component. Using STATA-14 software (StataCorp LLC, College Station, USA), all of the responses were tallied and statistically examined. Results  The mean scores of person-centered learning behaviors were significantly higher for learners in the adult age group than for learners in the adolescent age group. The findings of the component, which was qualitative in nature, were consistent with the findings of the learning behavior questionnaire analysis. For both adults and adolescents, the difference in mean person-centered learning scores was statistically negligible at a 5% level of significance (p=0.415 and p=0.368, respectively). Conclusion The study's checklist, which is self-monitoring in nature, may aid in the evaluation of learning behaviors and make it simpler for adult and adolescent learners to establish excellent learning habits.

Prevalence of Osteoporosis and Its Effect on Residual Ridge Resorption in Postmenopausal Females of Rural Central Indian Region.

AIM:  To determine the correlation between body mass index (BMI), bone mineral density (BMD), and residual ridge resorption (RRR) in postmenopausal females and the effect of osteoporosis on RRR. MATERIALS AND METHODS:  A study was conducted with 60 postmenopausal female individuals. BMI was calculated using the weight and height of the patient using a formula. BMD was assessed and graded using a T-score. RRR was determined using the Tallgren method. RESULTS: Most individuals showed a higher BMI (63.33%), which is in the overweight or obese category. BMD was lower in approximately 68.33% of patients, and RRR was significantly higher in about 60% of total patients. CONCLUSION: The higher the BMI values, the lesser the BMD and the higher the RRR.

Revolutionizing Maxillary Rehabilitation: Zygomatic Implants Addressing Severe Alveolar Atrophy.

This case report describes the care given to a 58-year-old male patient with severe upper jaw atrophy. The treatment strategy involved utilizing zygomatic implants in conjunction with endosteal implants to rehabilitate both the maxilla and mandible. Temporary prostheses were used during the healing phase, followed by the fabrication and placement of final prostheses. The utilization of zygomatic implants offers advantages such as immediate stabilization and function without the need for extensive bone grafting. This approach not only reduces treatment time and costs but also enhances patient outcomes. Furthermore, guided surgical techniques are increasingly employed to ensure precise implant placement, optimizing prosthetic support.

Digitalization in Cranial Reconstruction: Revolutionizing Precision and Innovation.

Cranioplasty for cranial defects can be complex and challenging in composite defects. The intricate 3D structure of the craniofacial skeleton poses various difficulties encountered in surgical reconstruction. The continuous progress in computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing design, and fabrication technology has led to a growing array of applications for visual analog scale and 3D printing in craniofacial surgery, encompassing preoperative assessment, the creation of cutting guides, and the development of custom implants and stereolithographic models. Within this review, the authors detail the present and developing applications of virtual surgical planning, 3D bioprinting, augmented reality, and virtual reality in craniofacial reconstruction.

A Mixed-Method Analytical Cross-Sectional Research on Participation-Centered Learning Behaviors for Adolescent and Adult Learners Utilizing a Validated Learning Behavior Questionnaire.

Background In their academic lives, students progress from the stage of primary learning to the stage of adolescent learning and then to the stage of adult learning. At every step of learning, learners display particular learning habits, which must be mapped out to maximize learning. Objectives The objective of the present study is the evaluation of the participation-centered learning behaviors among adolescent and adult learners employing a validated learning behavior questionnaire. Material and methods This was a cross-sectional research. A total of 944 participants were in the study, including 456 adolescents from English-medium schools (aged 11 to 16) and 488 adults from a health professional institute ( aged 18 to 23 years). The validated learning behavior questionnaire, which study participants rated on a scale of 0, 1, and 2, served as the quantitative component. The focus group discussion that was held for a group of adult and teenage students comprised the study's qualitative component. Using STATA-14 software (StataCorp, College Station, United States), all of the responses were tallied and statistically examined. Results The mean scores of participation-centered learning behaviors were significantly higher in adult learners than in teenage learners. The findings of the qualitative component analyzed were consistent with the findings of the learning behavior questionnaire analysis. Conclusion The study's self-monitoring checklist may aid in the evaluation of learning behaviors and make it simpler for adult and adolescent learners to establish excellent learning habits.

Revolutionizing Neurosurgery: The Cutting-Edge Era of Digitally Fabricated Cranial Stents.

Cranial defects are broadly classified as either congenital or acquired. The prevalence of cranial injuries has notably increased, propelled by a heightened emphasis on aesthetics and the demand for skull reconstruction in contemporary society. Consequently, rehabilitation for these defects has also surged. Surgical correction or repair, known as cranioplasty, not only aims at aesthetic rehabilitation but also addresses psychological issues, improving social acceptance and overall performance. Amid evolving trends, the availability of advanced biomedical tools, technologies, and materials empowers surgeons and prosthodontists, leading to improved outcomes in aesthetics and functionality. One noteworthy technique highlighted in this case report involves using bone cement in conjunction with polymethyl methacrylate, adding novelty to the approach. The interdisciplinary management team, consisting of prosthodontists and neurosurgeons, played a pivotal role in improving neurological status and cosmetic outcomes for the patients.

Quantitate evaluation of photogrammetry with CT scanning for orbital defect.

Facial deformities can be caused by cancer, tumours, trauma, infections, congenital or acquired defects and may lead to alteration in basic functions such as communication, breathing, and mastication and aesthetic thereby affecting quality of life. Traditional processes for manufacturing maxillofacial prostheses involve complicated, time-consuming and tedious processes for the patient and the operator. Impression of the defect area, which is the one of the crucial step in fabrication of prosthesis, is the longest and most difficult process as it requires a long contact with the patient. The digital revolution is now changing the landscape of prosthetic production and making the impression making procedure simpler. Digital technology reduces patient chair side time by providing more accurate display data in less time (3-5 min) than traditional methods. Digital impressions eliminate the need for bulky impression materials and provide a more comfortable patient experience.

Association of Salivary Cortisol With Anxiety in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients Before and After Complete Denture Rehabilitation: An In-Vivo Analysis.

Background Complete edentulism negatively impacts emotional, physical, social, and psychological well-being, leading to a decline in quality of life and heightened stress and anxiety. Stressful situations associated with edentulism can elevate cortisol levels, potentially increasing the risk of diabetes. Rehabilitation with complete dentures needs careful evaluation for its impact on general health, considering stress points and systemic effects. This study aimed to assess salivary cortisol levels in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients before and after complete denture rehabilitation, highlighting the intricate relationship between diabetes, cortisol, and the stress response. Methods This is a cross-sectional study centered on individuals with diabetes who were completely edentulous and undergoing evaluation by the outpatient prosthodontic department. Glycated hemoglobin, anxiety levels, and the fabrication of complete dentures were all accomplished with the participants' consent. Patients underwent evaluations before and one month after receiving complete denture rehabilitation. Results An absolute correlation between salivary cortisol levels and anxiety may be established because anxiety levels dramatically decreased during complete denture rehabilitation. Conclusion By learning how the patient's general health is related to their new set of complete dentures and how to correlate that information with dental rehabilitation, professionals can help patients better adapt to their new set of dentures.

Appliances Therapy in Obstructive Sleep Apnoea: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a recurrent partial or complete obstruction of the upper airway during sleep caused by narrowing or collapse of the pharyngeal wall. It leads to microstimulation and oxyhemoglobin desaturation, resulting in sleepiness and loud snoring. OSA negatively affects the cardiovascular system and may contribute to neurocognitive impairment. The aim of this systematic review is to evaluate the effectiveness and efficacy of appliance therapy in obstructive sleep apnea. The effectiveness was assessed by using the Apnea Hypopnea Index (AHI). An electronic search of the Cochrane Library, PubMed, and Google Scholar was conducted between 1998 and 2021. Articles were independently assessed by three reviewers. The quality of a randomised control trial (RCT) is assessed using the Cochrane risk of bias method. The tool GRADE was used to achieve the desired level of confidence for each outcome reported. Several studies used continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP), mandibular advancement devices (MAD), and tongue retention devices (TRD). The meta-analysis included a total of six papers that met the inclusion criteria. Results showed that CPAP significantly improved AHI compared with an oral appliance (random effects: difference in means = 8.40, 95% CI = 7.21 to 9.60). It was also found that oral appliance (OA) therapy significantly improved AHI compared with baseline before appliance therapy (random effects: mean difference = 13.40, 95% CI = 10.87 to 15.93; p.00001). For mild to moderate OSA, CPAP is considered the gold standard. Our meta-analysis of six RCTs found favorable evidence for OSA patients receiving oral devices; however, they were less effective than CPAP. A subgroup analysis found that MAD may be a beneficial treatment for mild to moderate OSA patients who do not respond to CPAP. The findings suggest that oral appliances may be an effective treatment for OSA, especially in patients with mild to moderate OSA.

Comparative evaluation of the efficacy of customized maxillary oral appliance with mandibular advancement appliance as a treatment modality for moderate obstructive sleep apnea patients-a randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is quite common among the adult population, according to recent epidemiological studies. The most frequently suggested alternate treatment for mild to moderate OSA is oral appliances (OA). The purpose of the present study was to assess as well as compare the effectiveness of custom-made maxillary oral appliances against mandibular advancement appliances in the care of individuals suffering from moderate obstructive sleep apnea. METHODS: A prospective interventional research was carried out with 40 participants. Polysomnography (PSG) was done and the participants with an apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) >15-30 were involved in the research. Study participants were randomly split up into two test groups: group I was the "Control Group" (group treated with a mandibular advancement device (MAD), n=20), while group II was exposed to a "customized maxillary oral appliance" (CMOA, n=20). Both groups had reference measures for AHI, blood oxygen saturation (SpO2), oro-nasal airflow via respiratory disturbance index (RDI), and the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS). Appliances were fabricated and delivered to the respective study group participants. PSG was again conducted after a period of 1 and 3 months of appliance delivery and re-evaluation was done for all the parameters and was compared with reference measurements. The facts were analyzed using descriptive and analytical statistical methods. The statistical program utilized in the study was "SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Sciences) Version 20.1." After 1 and 3 months, the statistical significance between the two study groups was assessed at P<0.05. RESULTS: The analysis of mean AHI, SPO2, RDI, and ESS for both test groups manifested statistically significant measures (P<0.001). The study results revealed a statistically significant depletion in mean AHI scores, improvement in mean SPO2 scores, and reduction in mean RDI scores and ESS scores when compared with reference measurements to 1 month, 1 to 3 months, and between reference measurements and 3 months. CONCLUSION: The CMOA was effective in managing moderate OSA and has great therapeutic potential. It can be an option for the MAD for treating patients suffering from moderate obstructive sleep apnea. TRIAL REGISTRATION: The study was registered under Clinical Trials Registry-India and the registration number is CTRI/2020/07/026936 . Registered on 31 July 2020.

A narrative review on techniques of iris replication in an ocular prosthesis.

The disfigurement associated due to the loss of an eye can cause a significant physical and psychological disturbance. Psychological distress among such unfortunate patients can be reduced by providing an artificial eye. Rehabilitating such patients with an ocular defects is the most challenging task for a prosthodontist. The custom-made ocular prostheses are preferred over the prefabricated stock eye shells as it provides intimate contact with the tissue bed, enabling an ideal fit. For an esthetic ocular prosthesis, the precise positioning of an iris is a primary requirement to avoid the squint eye appearance. Various case reports are documented in the literature for centralizing the iris in the prosthetic eye. This review article explores the established methods and techniques for positioning the iris in a custom-made ocular prosthesis.

Quad Zygoma: A Graftless Solution in Post-mucormycosis Maxillectomy.

Mucormycosis, a fungal infection that commonly affects individuals with diabetes and compromised immune systems, often requires surgical excision and debridement. However, this can result in significant defects, posing a challenge for clinicians in terms of reconstruction and rehabilitation. Prostheses, local and regional pedicled flaps with or without bone grafts, and titanium mesh application are available options for maxillary reconstruction. Soft-tissue flaps are not sufficient to provide osseointegrated implants with both bone repair and structural support, which emphasises the quad zygoma's beneficial role in treating maxillary abnormalities. Patients benefit from quad zygoma, which uses zygomatic implants and eliminates the need for subsequent procedures, which shortens the course of treatment and lowers costs. Because zygomatic implants are securely fixed into the zygoma, temporary prostheses can be loaded right away. Then, four to six months later, a fixed prosthesis may be introduced. Clinical results with zygomatic implants often surpass those of bone grafting, representing a potential novel gold-standard approach for the compromised maxilla. This case report details the rehabilitation of post-mucormycosis patients with maxillary defects using quad zygomatic implants. The absence of complications during follow-up, conducted at 15, 30, 45, and 90 days, and subsequently monthly for two years, highlights the success of this approach. Evaluation parameters included soft tissue recovery, infection, wound separation, stability of prosthesis, eating effectiveness, and aesthetic outcomes. The positive outcomes observed at follow-up appointment emphasize the viability and effectiveness of quad zygomatic implants in addressing maxillary defects post-mucormycosis.

Evaluation of accuracy of photogrammetry with 3D scanning and conventional impression method for craniomaxillofacial defects using a software analysis.

BACKGROUND: Facial mutilation and deformities can be caused by cancer, tumours, injuries, infections, and inherited or acquired deformities and has the potential to degrade one's quality of life by interfering with fundamental tasks like communication, breathing, feeding, and aesthetics. Depending on the type of defect, producing maxillofacial prostheses for the rehabilitation of patients with various defects can be challenging and complex. The prosthesis is used to replace missing or damaged parts of the cranium and face, like the nose, auricle, orbit, and surrounding tissues, as well as missing areas of soft and hard tissue, with the primary goal of increasing the patient's quality of life by rehabilitating oral functions such as speech, swallowing, and mastication. Traditional maxillofacial prosthesis impression and fabrication processes include a number of complicated steps that are costly, time-consuming, and uncomfortable for the patient. These rely on the knowledge of the maxillofacial team, dental clinicians, and maxillofacial technician. The foundation of the impression is the keystone for creating a prosthesis. However, this is the most time-consuming and difficult chair-side operation in maxillofacial prosthesis manufacturing since it requires prolonged interaction with the patient. The field of prosthesis fabrication is being transformed by the digital revolution. Digital technology allows for more accurate impression data to be gathered in less time (3 to 5 min) than traditional methods, lowering patient anxiety. Digital impressions eliminate the need for messy impression materials and provide patients with a more pleasant experience. This method bypasses the procedure of traditional gypsum model fabrication. This eliminates the disparity caused by a dimensional distortion of the impression material and gypsum setting expansion. Traditional dental impression processes leave enough room for errors, such as voids or flaws, air bubbles, or deformities, while current technology for prosthesis planning has emerged as an alternative means to improve patient acceptability and pleasure, not only because the end result is a precisely fitted restoration but also because the chair-side adjustments required are reduced. The most frequent approaches for creating 3D virtual models are the following. To begin, 3D scanning is employed, in which the subjects are scanned in three dimensions, and the point cloud data is used to create a virtual digital model. METHODS: It will be a hospital-based randomised control trial, carried out at the Department of Prosthodontics, Sharad Pawar Dental College, Sawangi (Meghe), Wardha, a part of Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences (Deemed University). A total of 45 patients will be selected from the outpatient department (OPD) of the Department of Prosthodontics. All the patients will be provided written consent before their participation in the study. METHODOLOGY: 1. Patient screening will be done, and the patient will be allocated to three techniques that are the conventional manual method, photogrammetry method, and 3D scanning in a randomised manner 2. The impression of the defect will be recorded by conventional manual method, photogrammetry method, and 3D scanning 3. The defect will be modelled in three ways: first is as per the manual dimension taken on the patient, second is the organisation of photographic image taken with lab standards and third is plotting of point cloud data to generate the virtual 3D model 4. For photogrammetric prosthesis design, finite photos/images will be taken at multiple angles to model the 3D virtual design. With the use of minimum photographs, the 3D modelling can be performed by using freeware, and a mould is obtained 5. The CAD software was used to design the prosthesis, and the final negative mould can be printed using additive manufacturing 6. The mould fabricated by all three methods will be analysed by a software using reverse engineering technology Study design: Randomised control trial Duration: 2 years Sample size: 45 patients DISCUSSION: Rodrigo Salazar-Gamarra1, Rosemary Seelaus, and Jorge Vicente Lopes da Silva et al., in the year 2016, discussed, as part of a method for manufacturing face prostheses utilising a mobile device, free software, and a photo capture protocol, that 2D captures of the anatomy of a patient with a facial defect were converted into a 3D model using monoscopic photogrammetry and a mobile device. The visual and technical integrity of the resulting digital models was assessed. The technological approach and models that resulted were thoroughly explained and evaluated for technical and clinical value. Marta Revilla-León, Wael Att, and Dr Med Dent et al. (2020) used a coordinate measuring equipment which was used to assess the accuracy of complete arch implant impression processes utilising conventional, photogrammetry, and intraoral scanning. Corina Marilena Cristache and Ioana Tudor Liliana Moraru et al. in the year 2021 provided an update on defect data acquisition, editing, and design using open-source and commercially available software in digital workflow in maxillofacial prosthodontics. This research looked at randomised clinical trials, case reports, case series, technical comments, letters to the editor, and reviews involving humans that were written in English and included detailed information on data acquisition, data processing software, and maxillofacial prosthetic part design. TRIAL REGISTRATION: CTRI/2022/08/044524. Registered on September 16, 2022.

Rapid Prototyping in Maxillofacial Rehabilitation: A Review of Literature.

This review focuses on fast prototyping advancements in the field of maxillofacial prosthodontics, as well as the various methods for fabricating maxillofacial prostheses. As of date, the interface and software used for processing and designing maxillofacial prostheses are costlier, atypical for the specific purpose, and only reachable to highly trained dental specialists or computer-aided design (CAD) engineers. This review is a summary of all rapid prototyping trials conducted in the mentioned context of three-dimensional (3D) printing of maxillofacial prostheses, treatment modalities, and future perspectives relating to rapid prototyping in dentistry. We performed a search of relevant articles on Google Scholar and PubMed, which yielded a total of 21 articles for full-text reviews. After excluding some articles based on the exclusion criteria, a review was conducted. This study gives a comprehensive discussion of current issues and future ideas for integrating digital technology with conventional techniques.

Paradigm Shift in Materials for Skull Reconstruction Facilitated by Science and Technological Integration.

The surgical repair of a bone deficiency in the skull caused by a prior procedure or accident is known as cranioplasty. There are various types of cranioplasties, but the majority entail raising the scalp and reshaping the skull using either the original piece of bone from the skull or a specially molded graft created from Titanium (plate or mesh), artificial bone in place of, a stable biomaterial (prefabricated customized implant to match the exact contour and shape of the skull). Cranioplasty, one of the oldest surgical treatments for cranial abnormalities, has undergone several changes throughout the years to discover the best material to improve patient outcomes. Various materials have been utilized in cranioplasty throughout history. As biomedical technology progresses, surgeons will have access to new materials. There is still no agreement on the optimum material, and research into biologic and nonbiologic alternatives is ongoing in the hopes of finding the finest reconstruction material. The materials and techniques used in cranioplasty are covered in this article.

Prosthetic Rehabilitation of a Partially Dentate Patient With a Maxillary Cast Partial Denture and Mandibular Overdenture: A Case Report.

Using natural teeth as denture abutments can significantly slow the progression of residual ridge resorption. The abutments and the denture-bearing areas can share the stress concentration. By providing sensory feedback, occlusal stability loss, aesthetic loss, and compromised mastication, overdentures can help reduce residual ridge resorption. Overdentures have been shown to be effective in reducing residual ridge resorption and increasing retention and stability. When edentulous areas are too large or numerous for the fixed prosthesis and cross-arch stabilization is required, a cast partial denture (CPD) is preferred. The insertion and removal of the denture, as well as regular oral hygiene, are simple procedures. The current case report describes the prosthetic rehabilitation of a partially dentate patient using a maxillary CPD and mandibular overdenture.

Alternative Prosthodontic Therapies: A Multifaceted Approach.

The increasing influence of alternative therapies reflects shifting demands and attitudes in modern society in general. Concerns about the negative impacts and rising expenses of traditional health care are also fueling the hunt for alternatives. Acupuncture, acupressure, homeopathy, Ayurveda, and hypnosis are examples of therapy modalities. Alternative therapies, on the other hand, are currently recommended as a supplement to traditional treatment. Although their efficacy as a standalone therapy is debatable, when used in conjunction with conventional treatment, they can be a valuable addition to the general dentist's therapeutic arsenal. When mainstream medicine cannot give a proper treatment or simply offers symptomatic alleviation for chronic diseases, the patient's desire for alternative therapies rises. This was found to be true for common medical conditions such as back pain and asthma. Surprisingly, patients seek conventional medical practice treatments for dental or oral health issues more frequently in emergencies (i.e., tooth pain or dental decay, temporomandibular joint disorder, periodontal disease, or dry mouth). Cloves and tea tree oil are the two topical or oral herbal or natural products that dental patients utilize most frequently. Furthermore, people worried about getting dental work done may find great benefits from using mind-body techniques.

Quantifying the Selection of Maxillary Anterior Teeth Using Extraoral Anatomical Landmarks.

BACKGROUND:  Regardless of skin color, age, sex, or other factors, all beautiful faces follow the divine proportion. Proportions of face components appear to play a role in facial attractiveness. AIM:  The study determines the correlation between the mesiodistal width of anterior maxillary teeth, inter-canthal distance, inter-alar distance, and inter-commissural distance as a criterion for selecting anterior maxillary teeth. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A cross-sectional study was carried out at the institutional level with a sample size of 200 participants with 100 male and 100 female participants. Inter-canthal distance, inter-alar distance, and inter-commissural distance were measured using the digital caliper and a customized silver scale to measure the mesiodistal width of anterior maxillary teeth. The data obtained were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 24.0 (IBM Corporation, Chicago, USA). Pearson's correlation test calculated the correlation coefficient, and the level of significance was kept at p<0.05. RESULT: The width of the maxillary anterior and the inter-canthal gap showed a strong positive correlation, the inter-alar difference and the mesiodistal width of anterior teeth showed a moderately positive correlation, and the estimated inter-commissural width and the mesiodistal width of anterior teeth showed a strong positive correlation (p<0.05). CONCLUSION:  These parameters are correlated to the dimensions of the tooth size and can act as a guide while selecting the teeth for future rehabilitation treatment when the natural teeth are lost.

Enhancing Esthetics in a Complete Denture Patient: Optimizing Results With Different Impression Techniques.

Tooth loss followed by complete denture rehabilitation can have significant psychological and social consequences for patients. Dentures restore a sense of normalcy and allow the sufferer to communicate with others in today's image-conscious world. Chewing discomfort, as well as unfavorable aesthetics and phonetics, are the most common denture complaints. A complete denture patient's prosthetic rehabilitation should never be confined to the replacement of lost teeth; rather, the ultimate goal should be the restoration of oral functions and aesthetics. The article describes a straightforward, cost-effective, practical, and aesthetic strategy for rehabilitating a complete denture patient with resorbed ridge, flabby tissue, and sunken cheeks. Thus, an effort has been made to restore the patient's stomatognathic system. Tooth loss followed by complete denture rehabilitation can have significant psychological and social consequences for patients. Dentures restore a sense of normalcy and allow the sufferer to communicate with others in today's image-conscious world. Chewing discomfort, as well as unfavorable aesthetics and phonetics, are the most common denture complaints. A complete denture patient's prosthetic rehabilitation should never be confined to the replacement of lost teeth; rather, the ultimate goal should be the restoration of oral functions and aesthetics. The article describes a straightforward, cost-effective, practical, and aesthetic strategy for rehabilitating a complete denture patient with resorbed ridge, flabby tissue, and sunken cheeks. Thus, an effort has been made to restore the patient's stomatognathic system.

The Correlation of Mineral Density of Jaws With Skeletal Bone and Its Effect on Implant Stability in Osteoporotic Patients: A Review of Patient-Based Studies.

Osteoporosis has been an enigma in terms of the administration of implant therapy. It has been implicated as a cause of implant failure as it directly affects the quality of the bone. The diagnosis of osteoporosis is mainly done by measuring skeletal bone mineral density (BMD). During implant therapy, the BMD of jaws can be evaluated on routine orthopantomogram (OPG) or cone beam CT (CBCT). The various advantages of CBCT include establishing a correlation between skeletal bone density and bone density of jaws and estimating its effect on implant stability in osteoporotic patients, which in turn will help in determining the prognosis of the implant in osteoporotic patients. This review is a summary of all patient-related studies conducted in the mentioned context of implant placement in patients with osteoporosis, treatment modalities, and prognosis. We performed a search of relevant articles on Google Scholar, PubMed, and Cochrane, which yielded a total of 25 articles for full-text reviews. After excluding some articles based on the exclusion criteria, a review was conducted along with a pilot study on implant placement in osteoporotic patients. Regional bone density can be a helpful parameter in predicting primary implant stability and it can be a useful indicator of skeletal BMD. With a careful evaluation of BMD, dental implants can be placed in patients with osteoporosis with a better prognosis for the treatment.