The teaching facility at the Eric Williams Medical Sciences Complex. An additional rising star from the west

The teaching facility at the Eric Williams Medical Sciences Complex was designed to provide a comprehensive structural environment for a multidisciplinary Faculty whose teaching methodology utilized an integrated Problem-based Learning approach. Though the Faculty is over 11 years old, the full realization of the vision has not become a reality and the next 10 years will be devoted to fulfilling the dream.

The teaching facility at the Eric Williams Medical Sciences Complex. An additional rising star from the west.

The teaching facility at the Eric Williams Medical Sciences Complex was designed to provide a comprehensive structural environment for a multidisciplinary Faculty whose teaching methodology utilized an integrated Problem-based Learning approach. Though the Faculty is over 11 years old, the full realization of the vision has not become a reality and the next 10 years will be devoted to fulfilling the dream.

Two-year mortality and its determinants following acute myocardial infarction in Trinidad and Tobago.

The purpose of this study was to determine the occurrence of coronary artery disease risk factors in patients presenting with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) to a tertiary care institution in Trinidad and to determine the factors associated with increased mortality following AMI. All patients admitted to the Eric Williams Medical Sciences Complex (EWMSC) between January 1 and December 31, 1996, with a diagnosis of AMI were identified using the hospital admissions and discharge diagnosis databases. Demographic, clinical and laboratory variables were extracted from the hospital case records of patients with confirmed AMI. Sixty-one AMI patients (38 men) were admitted during the study period. Mean age at admission was 60 +/- 11 years with an ethnic case mix of thirty-nine (62%) of East Indian descent, eight (13%) of African descent, twelve (20%) mixed ethnicity and three (5%) of Caucasian descent. Thirty patients (49%) were hypertensive. Thirty-two patients (53%) were diabetic and eighteen patients (30%) gave a history of cigarette smoking. The mean left ventricular ejection fraction was 53 +/- 14%. The mean serum cholesterol from 29 patients was 228.2 +/- 49.0 mg/dl. Increasing age, female gender, an ejection fraction less than 40%, non treatment with streptokinase and in-hospital ventricular fibrillation were associated with poor survival. Multiple regression analyses identified three independent predictors of mortality. These were gender (p = 0.04), in-hospital ventricular fibrillation (p = 0.001) and an ejection fraction less than 40% (p = 0.02). Diabetes mellitus, hypertension, hyperlipidaemia and cigarette smoking were prevalent amongst patients presenting with AMI. Ventricular function was a major determinant of two-year mortality following AMI. Aggressive risk factor modification is recommended to prevent both first and recurrent coronary events.

Use of magnesium sulphate as adjunctive therapy for resection of phaeochromocytoma.

The intraoperative control of cardiovascular disturbances associated with the resection of phaeochromocytoma is traditionally achieved by the use of deep anaesthesia in conjunction with alpha and beta blockers, calcium antagonists, nitroglycerine or sodium nitroprusside. We report the successful use of magnesium sulphate as adjunctive therapy in the control of the cardiovascular consequences associated with surgical resection of a phaeochromocytoma in a patient.

Acute myocarditis following Tityus trinitatis envenoming: morphological and pathophysiological characteristics.

The clinicopathological features of four cases of scorpion envenoming by Tityus trinitatis are presented. The cardiac histopathology is recorded in the two fatal cases. The pathology of the acute myocarditis was a mixed picture of a toxic myocarditis and coagulative myocytolysis. These cardiac lesions are also seen in catecholamine induced cardiotoxicity and lend support to the theory that an adrenergic surge follows scorpion envenoming. A brief review of scorpion envenoming syndrome is undertaken in the light of these findings.

Acute myocarditis following Tityus trinitatis envenoming: morphological and pathophysiological characteristics

The clinicopathological features of four cases of scorpion envenoming by Tityus trinitatis are presented. The cardiac histopahtology is recorded in the two fatal cases. The pathology of the acute myocarditis was a mixed picture of a toxic myocarditis and coagulative myocytolysis. These cardiac lesions are also seen in catecholamine induced cardiotoxicity and lend support to the theory that an adrenergic surge follows scorpion envenoming. A brief review of scorpion envenoming syndrome is undertaken in the light of these findings (AU)

Severe aplastic anaemia--complete response to antilymphocyte globulin and cyclosporin.

Severe aplastic anaemia is uniformly fatal unless treated with immunosuppressive therapy or bone marrow transplantation. The latter is curative in 65% of patients and is the treatment of choice in children and young adults. Antilymphocyte globulin (ALG) and cyclosporin may be used successfully in the absence of an HLA matched sibling donor. We report the case of a twelve-year-old boy with severe aplastic anaemia who received immunosuppressive treatment with ALG and cyclosporin and is alive and well three years and six months post treatment.

Intrathoracic cystic hygroma in an infant with respiratory failure

A 6-month-old infant presenting initially with clinical signs of bronchiolitis developed acute symptoms of large airway obstruction and respiratory failure despite treatment for bronchiolitis. Endotracheal intubation and oxygen therapy resulted in immediate and dramatic improvement of respiratory failure. Plain chest radiograph, computerized tomography and surgical biopsy with subsequent histological examination established that the respiratory failure was due to a mediastinal cystic hygroma.

Trial of three methods of intraoperative bupivacaine analgesia for pain after paediatric groin surgery.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the relative effectiveness of three techniques of regional anaesthesia in the provision of postoperative analgesia in children. METHODS: Random assignment was made of 183 children scheduled for groin surgery to one of three groups. Bupivacaine 0.5% plain (2 mg.kg-1) was injected by the surgeon after skin incision. Group A received wound infiltration. Group B had regional nerve blockade. Group C had a combination of both methods. Postoperatively, pain was assessed using the CHEOPS behavioural scale at half hourly intervals until discharge home. Satisfactory pain control was arbitrarily defined as a CHEOPS score of < or = six. Potential differences among the groups were sought using graphical representation of mean pain scores, the frequencies of maximum pain scores, and the incidence of postoperative vomiting and oral analgesic consumption. RESULTS: Fifteen patients had to be excluded from analysis. This left 61 patients in Group A, 55 in Group B, and 52 in Group C. There were no demographic differences among the groups. No differences were demonstrated among the groups either in CHEOPS pain scores at any observation point (P = > 0.8), or in the incidence of vomiting or need for postoperative analgesia. (P = 0.52 and P = 0.41 respectively). Overall, 80% of the observations made (1,135/1,425) met our definition of satisfactory pain control. A post hoc calculation of the power of the study confirmed sufficient power to detect a 5% difference among groups. CONCLUSION: All three methods achieved analgesia with 80% of the pain scores meeting our definition of satisfactory pain control. None of the techniques enjoyed any apparent advantage.

Intrathoracic cystic hygroma in an infant with respiratory failure.

A 6-month-old infant presenting initially with clinical signs of bronchiolitis developed acute symptoms of large airway obstruction and respiratory failure despite treatment for bronchiolitis. Endotracheal intubation and oxygen therapy resulted in immediate and dramatic improvement of respiratory failure. Plain chest radiograph, computerized tomography and surgical biopsy with subsequent histological examination established that the respiratory failure was due to a mediastinal cystic hygroma.

Trauma outcome improves following the advanced trauma life support program in a developing country.

Trauma outcome variables before and after the institution of the Advanced Trauma Life Support (ATLS) program were compared for the largest hospital in Trinidad and Tobago from July 1981 through December 1985 (pre-ATLS) and from January 1986 to June 1990 (post-ATLS). A total of 199 physicians were ATLS trained by June 1990. Outcome data were analyzed for all dead or severely injured patients (ISS > or = 16; n = 413 pre-ATLS and n = 400 post-ATLS). Trauma mortality decreased post-ATLS (134 of 400 vs. 279 of 413) throughout the hospital, including the ICU (13.6% post-ATLS ICU mortality vs. 55.2% pre-ATLS). The odds of dying from trauma increased with age (1.02 for each year), ISS score (1.24 for each ISS increment), and blunt injury, both pre-ATLS and post-ATLS. Post-ATLS mortality was associated with a higher ISS (31.6 vs. 28.8). Although there was a higher percentage of blunt injury pre-ATLS (84.0%) versus post-ATLS (68.3%), the mortality rates for both blunt and penetrating injuries were higher in the pre-ATLS group (19.7% pre-ATLS vs. 6.3% post-ATLS for penetrating and 76.6% pre-ATLS versus 46.2% post-ATLS for blunt). For each ISS category, mortality was greater in the pre-ATLS group (ISS > or = 24 pre-ATLS mortality 47.9% vs. 16.7% post-ATLS; ISS 25-40 pre-ATLS mortality 91.0% vs. 71.0% post-ATLS). The overall ratio of observed to expected mortality based on the MTOS data base was lower for the post-ATLS period (pre-ATLS ratio 3.16; post-ATLS ratio 1.94).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Reversal of benzodiazepine sedation with flumazenil in a patient with tetanus.

A 54-year-old female patient admitted with a diagnosis of tetanus had her sedation reversed with an infusion of flumazenil. Flumazenil appears to be of use in reversal of sedation in patients with accumulation of benzodiazepine after prolonged administration.

Trauma outcome improves following the advanced trauma life support program in a developing country

Trauma outcome variables before and after the institution of the Advanced Trauma Life Support (ATLS) program were compared for the largest hospital in Trinidad and Tobago from July 1981 through December 1985 (pre-ATLS) and from January 1986 to June 1990 (post-ATLS). A total of 199 physicians were ATLS trained by June 19990. Outcome data were analysed for all dead or severely injured patients (ISS greater than and equal to 16; n=413 pre-ATLAS and n=400 post ATLS). Trauma mortality decreased post ATLS (134 ICU mortality vs. 279 of 413) throughout the hospital, including the ICU (13.6 percent post-ATLS ICU mortality vs. 55.2 percent pre-ATLS). The odds of dying from trauma increased with age (1.02 for each year), ISS score (1.24 for each ISS increment), and blunt injury, both pre-ATLS and post-ATLS. Post-ATLS mortality was associated with a higher ISS (31.6 vs 28.8). Although there was a higher percentage of blunt injury pre-ATLS (84.0 percent) versus post-ATLS (68.3 percent), the mortality rates for both blunt and penetrating injuries were higher in the pre-ATLS group (19.7 percent pre-ATLS vs 6.3 percent post ATLS for penetrating and 76.6 percent pre-ATLS versus 46.2 percent post-ATLS for blunt). For each ISS category, mortalilty was greater in the pre-ATLS group (ISS greater than and equal to 24 pre-ATLS mortality 47;9 percent vs. 16.7 percent post-Atls; ISS 25-40 pre-ATLS mortality 91.0 percent vs. 71.0 percent post-ATLS). The overall ration of observed to expected mortality based on the MTOS data base was lower for the post-ATLS period (pre-ATLS ratio 3.16; post-ATLS ratio 1.94). Multiple logistic regression analysis indicated that although post-ATLS mortality was affected by the lower incidence of blunt injury and a lower overall ISS score, the ATLS program was a significant factor in determing the observed decrease in mortality. Postinjury functional status among survivors was improved post-ATLS (minor disabiltiy 88.3 percent post-ATLS vs. 22.4 percent pre-ATLS and major disability 1.9 percent post-ATLS vs. 6.7 percent pre-ATLS). Our data demonstrate that the ATLS program significantly improved trauma patient outcome in a developing country, thus supporting the concept of international promulgation of this program for physicians(AU)

Deaths within 24 hours of surgical procedures at the Port-of-Spain General Hospital (January, 1976 to December, 1987).

Mortality, possibly related to anaesthesia, was reviewed prospectively over a 12-year period. There were 186 deaths in 129,107 anaesthetics. Mortality was predominantly confined to the 15-44, and 45-64-year age groups. The overall mortality rate was 1:694. Sixteen deaths were directly related to regional and local anaesthesia and three were directly related to general anaesthetic management. In 66 deaths, general anaesthesia was considered to be contributory, and 101 deaths were considered to be unassociated with anaesthesia.

Deaths within 24 hours of surgical procedures at the Port-of-Spain General Hospital (January, 1976 to December, 1987)

Mortality, possibly related to anaesthesia, was reviewed prospectively over a 12-year period. There were 186 deaths in 129,107 anesthetics. Mortality was predominantly confined to the 15-44, and 45 - 64-year age groups. The overall mortality rate was 1:694. Sixteen deaths were directly related to regional and local anesthesia and three were direvtly related to general anesthetic management. In 66 deaths, general anesthesia was considered to be contributory, and 101 deaths were considered to be unassociated with anesthesia