ABSTRACT
In a cohort of 1817 children with type 1 diabetes (T1D), short-term hyperglycemia was associated with transient albuminuria (11 % during new-onset T1D without diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), 12 % during/after DKA, 6 % during routine screening). Our findings have implications regarding future risk of diabetic kidney disease and further investigation is needed.
Subject(s)
Albuminuria , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 , Diabetic Nephropathies , Hyperglycemia , Humans , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/complications , Hyperglycemia/complications , Male , Female , Child , Diabetic Nephropathies/diagnosis , Diabetic Nephropathies/complications , Diabetic Nephropathies/epidemiology , Adolescent , Diabetic Ketoacidosis/complications , Cohort Studies , Severity of Illness Index , Child, PreschoolABSTRACT
CONTEXT: Radiation is a key arm in the multidisciplinary treatment of patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. During the past 2 decades, significant changes in the way radiation therapy is planned and delivered have improved efficacy and decreased toxicity. Refined approaches in the application of radiation and chemoradiation have led to organ-sparing treatment regimens for laryngeal and pharyngeal cancers and have improved local and regional control rates in the postoperative, adjuvant setting. The molecular and genetic determinants of tumor cell response to radiation have been studied, and several potential biomarkers are emerging that could further improve application and efficacy of radiation treatment in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. OBJECTIVE: To discuss the current understanding of potential biomarkers related to radiation response in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. DATA SOURCES: Existing published literature. CONCLUSIONS: Several potential biomarkers are actively being studied as predictors and targets to improve the use and efficacy of radiation therapy to treat head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Several promising candidates have been defined, and new markers are on the horizon.
Subject(s)
Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism , Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/radiotherapy , Head and Neck Neoplasms/radiotherapy , Pharyngeal Neoplasms/radiotherapy , Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics , Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/complications , Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/genetics , Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p16/metabolism , Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic , Head and Neck Neoplasms/complications , Head and Neck Neoplasms/genetics , Humans , Mutation , Papillomavirus Infections/complications , Pharyngeal Neoplasms/complications , Pharyngeal Neoplasms/genetics , Tumor Suppressor Protein p53/genetics , Tumor Suppressor Protein p53/metabolismABSTRACT
Adults recognize that people can understand more than one language. However, it is unclear whether infants assume other people understand one or multiple languages. We examined whether monolingual and bilingual 20-month-olds expect an unfamiliar person to understand one or more than one language. Two speakers told a listener the location of a hidden object using either the same or two different languages. When different languages were spoken, monolinguals looked longer when the listener searched correctly, bilinguals did not; when the same language was spoken, both groups looked longer for incorrect searches. Infants rely on their prior language experience when evaluating the language abilities of a novel individual. Monolingual infants assume others can understand only one language, although not necessarily the infants' own; bilinguals do not. Infants' assumptions about which community of conventions people belong to may allow them to recognize effective communicative partners and thus opportunities to acquire language, knowledge, and culture.
