Utility of Cone-Beam Computed Tomography in the Detection of Low Bone Mass-A Systematic Review.

INTRODUCTION: Cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) is widely used in the preoperative qualitative and quantitative assessment of dental implant sites, offering dimensional accuracy, spatial resolution, gray density, and contrast comparable to those of classical CT scan, yet with disputable ability to determine bone mass density. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A systematic review of the literature was performed using the PubMed and SCOPUS databases, with terms referring to low bone mass and cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). RESULTS: Sixteen studies were included in the review. The results show different perspectives, but the evidence favors the use of CBCT, combined with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry bone density scan (DXA) evaluation, for the assessment of the osteoporosis status of the aging population and, more specifically, in postmenopausal women. Radiographic density (RD) values of the dens and the left part of the first cervical vertebra show the strongest correlation coefficients and the highest sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy for predicting osteoporosis (OP) in the lumbar vertebrae and the femoral neck. CONCLUSIONS: Our review suggests the potential of CBCT as a screening tool for patients with low bone mass using different radiomorphometric indices. Linear measurements of the inferior mandibular cortex were lower in osteoporotic individuals, indicating the perspective of CBCT also as a diagnostic tool for this disease.

Autophagy Plays Multiple Roles in the Soft-Tissue Healing and Osseointegration in Dental Implant Surgery-A Narrative Review.

Dental endo-osseous implants have become a widely used treatment for replacing missing teeth. Dental implants are placed into a surgically created osteotomy in alveolar bone, the healing of the soft tissue lesion and the osseointegration of the implant being key elements to long-term success. Autophagy is considered the major intracellular degradation system, playing important roles in various cellular processes involved in dental implant integration. The aim of this review is an exploration of autophagy roles in the main cell types involved in the healing and remodeling of soft tissue lesions and implant osseointegration, post-implant surgery. We have focused on the autophagy pathway in macrophages, endothelial cells; osteoclasts, osteoblasts; fibroblasts, myofibroblasts and keratinocytes. In macrophages, autophagy modulates innate and adaptive immune responses playing a key role in osteo-immunity. Autophagy induction in endothelial cells promotes apoptosis resistance, cell survival, and protection against oxidative stress damage. The autophagic machinery is also involved in transporting stromal vesicles containing mineralization-related factors to the extracellular matrix and regulating osteoblasts' functions. Alveolar bone remodeling is achieved by immune cells differentiation into osteoclasts; autophagy plays an important and active role in this process. Autophagy downregulation in fibroblasts induces apoptosis, leading to better wound healing by improving excessive deposition of extracellular matrix and inhibiting fibrosis progression. Autophagy seems to be a dual actor on the scene of dental implant surgery, imposing further research in order to completely reveal its positive features which may be essential for clinical efficacy.

Autophagy, One of the Main Steps in Periodontitis Pathogenesis and Evolution.

Periodontitis represents a complex inflammatory disease that compromises the integrity of the tooth-supporting tissue through the interaction of specific periodontal pathogens and the host's immune system. Experimental data help to outline the idea that the molecular way towards periodontitis initiation and progression presents four key steps: bacterial infection, inflammation, oxidative stress, and autophagy. The aim of this review is to outline the autophagy involvement in the pathogenesis and evolution of periodontitis from at least three points of view: periodontal pathogen invasion control, innate immune signaling pathways regulation and apoptosis inhibition in periodontal cells. The exact roles played by reactive oxygen species (ROS) inside the molecular mechanisms for autophagy initiation in periodontitis still require further investigation. However, clarifying the role and the mechanism of redox regulation of autophagy in the periodontitis context may be particularly beneficial for the elaboration of new therapeutic strategies.

A Review on the Biocompatibility of PMMA-Based Dental Materials for Interim Prosthetic Restorations with a Glimpse into their Modern Manufacturing Techniques.

This paper's primary aim is to outline relevant aspects regarding the biocompatibility of PMMA (poly(methyl methacrylate))-based materials used for obtaining interim prosthetic restorations, such as the interaction with oral epithelial cells, fibroblasts or dental pulp cells, the salivary oxidative stress response, and monomer release. Additionally, the oral environment's biochemical response to modern interim dental materials containing PMMA (obtained via subtractive or additive methods) is highlighted in this review. The studies included in this paper confirmed that PMMA-based materials interact in a complex way with the oral environment, and therefore, different concerns about the possible adverse oral effects caused by these materials were analyzed. Adjacent to these aspects, the present work describes several advantages of PMMA-based dental materials. Moreover, the paper underlines that recent scientific studies ascertain that the modern techniques used for obtaining interim prosthetic materials, milled PMMA, and 3D (three-dimensional) printed resins, have distinctive advantages compared to the conventional ones. However, considering the limited number of studies focusing on the chemical composition and biocompatibility of these modern interim prosthetic materials, especially for the 3D printed ones, more aspects regarding their interaction with the oral environment need to be further investigated.

Leonurus cardiaca L. as a Source of Bioactive Compounds: An Update of the European Medicines Agency Assessment Report (2010).

Leonurus cardiaca L. (motherwort) is a perennial herb, native to Asia and southeastern Europe, with widespread global occurrence in present days. The plant was historically used as cardiotonic and for treating gynaecological afflictions (such as amenorrhea, dysmenorrhea, menopausal anxiety, or postpartum depression). Although its use in oriental and occidental medicine is relatively well documented, the recent progress registered raises the need for an update of the Medicines Agency assessment report on Leonurus cardiaca L., herba (2010). The current study presents the progress made within the 2010-2018 timeframe regarding the potential applications and scientific evidences supporting the traditional use of motherwort, in the same time suggesting future research opportunities.

Interrelationship between oral status and histopathological aspects of periodontitis in patients from Craiova, Romania.

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the oral status in a group of institutionalized individuals from Craiova, a city in South-Western Romania. Also, another objective of the study was to highlight the clinical, histological and immunohistochemical (IHC) aspects of periodontal disorders in the elderly. The study was performed on 48 institutionalized individuals examined in the Clinic of Dental Prosthetics, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Romania, in 2013. The data were collected using medical records and intraoral clinical examination. The data were processed by descriptive statistical analysis. The gingival mucosa samples were harvested from subjects with teeth mobility. The gingival fragments collected were processed through the histological technique of paraffin inclusion. The serial sections were commonly stained with Hematoxylin-Eosin and processed by the IHC technique with anti-CD3, anti-CD45RO and anti-CD20 antibodies. Of the 48 study participants, 20 were males, 28 were females, aged over 56 years old. 66.6% of them had poor oral hygiene, with a mean simplified oral hygiene index (OHI-S) of 1.57, 16 had the generalized periodontitis, three experienced some form of gingival overgrowth at the remaining teeth caused by incorrect fixed prosthesis, and 25 participants presented a form of periodontitis with gingival retraction. Gingival mucosa samples were histologically diagnosed with papillomatosis with discrete parakeratosis and rich chronic inflammatory infiltrate. The IHC reactions for the studied antibodies were different for T- and B-cells, which had different disposition in lamina propria.

Rare metastasis of renal carcinoma in the frontoethmoid-orbital region - case report and review of the literature.

A tumor located in the region of the paranasal sinuses and the orbit is not usually a metastasis, but a primary tumor. Even more, renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is very rarely the cause of metastasis in the paranasal sinuses or the orbit. Up to the present moment, few cases have been reported in the literature of such an association. The aim of the authors is to highlight the rare case of a male patient presented with ptosis, frontal swelling, minor headaches and epistaxis, as the only symptoms, but in which the mass located in the left frontoethmoidal region with extension to the orbit proved to be a RCC metastasis, thus leading to the diagnosis of the primary renal tumor. We must underline the need for clinical suspicion and the importance of accurate histopathological and immunohistochemical investigations, in such rare cases, where they are crucial in obtaining the right diagnosis.

New miniplate for osteosynthesis of mandibular angle fractures designed to improve formation of new bone.

The purpose of this article is to present the study of a new miniplate designed to keep the maximum strains developed in the cortical bone near the fracture line during accidental biting to values below the threshold causing bone resorption. Designed to offer maximum fracture stability with minimal implanted volume and patient intrusion, the design uses a novel approach to account for the effects of the distance from the fracture line to the nearest screws. Its geometry minimizes the peak forces that can develop during most cases of mandible biomechanical loadings. A three-dimensional (3D) osteosynthesis finite element model for a human mandible confirmed the operational effectiveness of the miniplate. It also provided numerical estimates for the strains and screw forces in the cortical surface during incisor bites with clinically relevant forces of 200 N. Two prototypes, 0.6 mm and 0.8 mm in thickness, were repeatedly tested on fractured sheep mandibles, fixed in a purpose-built jig, to loads up to 150% of the maximum forces developed by human patients. The tests indicated good fracture stability, and the proof tests carried for each of the two prototypes terminated at more than 350 N due to failure of the loading cable and respectively, secondary mandible fractures occurring away from the miniplate.