ABSTRACT
Immune-inflammatory, metabolic, oxidative, and nitrosative stress (IMO&NS) pathways and, consequently, neurotoxicity are involved in acute ischemic stroke (IS). The simultaneous assessment of multiple IMO&NS biomarkers may be useful to predict IS and its prognosis. The aim of this study was to identify the IMO&NS biomarkers, which predict short-term IS outcome. The study included 176 IS patients and 176 healthy controls. Modified Rankin scale (mRS) was applied within 8 h after IS (baseline) and 3 months later (endpoint). Blood samples were obtained within 24 h after hospital admission. IS was associated with increased white blood cell (WBC) counts, high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP), interleukin (IL-6), lipid hydroperoxides (LOOHs), nitric oxide metabolites (NOx), homocysteine, ferritin, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), glucose, insulin, and lowered iron, 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D], total cholesterol, and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol. We found that 89.4% of the IS patients may be correctly classified using the cumulative effects of male sex, systolic blood pressure (SBP), glucose, NOx, LOOH, 25(OH)D, IL-6, and WBC with sensitivity of 86.2% and specificity of 93.0%. Moreover, increased baseline disability (mRS ≥ 3) was associated with increased ferritin, IL-6, hsCRP, WBC, ESR, and glucose. We found that 25.0% of the variance in the 3-month endpoint (mRS) was explained by the regression on glucose, ESR, age (all positively), and HDL-cholesterol, and 25(OH)D (both negatively). These results show that the cumulative effects of IMO&NS biomarkers are associated with IS and predict a poor outcome at 3-month follow-up.
Subject(s)
Embolic Stroke/metabolism , Inflammation/metabolism , Intracranial Arteriosclerosis/metabolism , Ischemic Stroke/metabolism , Stress, Physiological/physiology , Stroke, Lacunar/metabolism , Aged , Biomarkers/metabolism , Blood Glucose/metabolism , Blood Sedimentation , C-Reactive Protein/metabolism , Case-Control Studies , Cholesterol/metabolism , Cholesterol, HDL/metabolism , Embolic Stroke/physiopathology , Female , Ferritins/metabolism , Homocysteine/metabolism , Humans , Insulin/metabolism , Interleukin-6/metabolism , Intracranial Arteriosclerosis/physiopathology , Ischemic Stroke/physiopathology , Leukocyte Count , Lipid Peroxides/metabolism , Male , Middle Aged , Nitrates/metabolism , Nitrites/metabolism , Nitrosative Stress/physiology , Oxidative Stress/physiology , Stroke, Lacunar/physiopathology , Vitamin D/analogs & derivatives , Vitamin D/metabolismABSTRACT
O processo de humanização em formação médica é fundamental para o desenvolvimento de profissionais capacitados a assistirem ao paciente de forma digna, pautado na ética e empatia. O estudo, de caráter transversal e quantitativo, avaliou a percepção de estudantes de medicina de uma instituição pública do Paraná sobre o processo de humanização durante sua formação acadêmica. Os dados foram analisados por frequência relativa IC 95%. Revelou-se que 74,6% dos estudantes consideram que a sua formação contribua para a prática médica humanizada e que grande parte deles possui domínio sobre o conceito de determinação social do processo saúde e doença. Contudo, a metade deles não se considera apta a lidar com um dilema ético e moral. Embora haja um grande conhecimento sobre a humanização ao longo da graduação, ainda se faz necessário um aprimoramento da abordagem de assuntos relacionados à bioética e aos diversos fatores que interferem no processo saúde e doença.
