Tratamiento rehabilitador en la cirugía del linfedema / Rehabilitation in lymphedema surgery

El tratamiento conservador de los pacientes con linfedema habitualmente comprende la terapia descongestiva compleja con objetivo de reducir el volumen y las prendas de compresión en fase de mantenimiento, realizando un seguimiento en los servicios de Rehabilitación. El tratamiento quirúrgico del linfedema es una opción terapéutica cuyo interés ha aumentado en los últimos años, aunque no existe evidencia actual de que pueda curar el linfedema y siempre se acompaña de tratamiento conservador. La mayoría de los estudios se centran en los resultados según el tipo de cirugía y no existe un protocolo estandarizado sobre el tratamiento conservador antes o después de la cirugía. Con este trabajo se pretende realizar un compendio sobre las cirugías de linfedema más frecuentes y sus indicaciones, centrándose en el tratamiento rehabilitador que implica cada cirugía.(AU)

Conservative treatment of lymphedema usually includes complex decongestive therapy in order to reduce the volume of the lymphedema, and compression garments in the maintenance phase. Follow-up is carried out in the Rehabilitation Services. Surgical treatment of lymphedema is a therapeutic option, the interest of which has increased in recent years, although there is no current evidence that it can cure lymphedema and it is always accompanied by conservative treatment. Most studies focus on results according to the type of surgery and there is no standardized protocol for conservative treatment before or after surgery. The objective of this work is to prepare a compendium about the most frequent lymphedema surgeries and their indications, focusing on the rehabilitation treatment for each surgery.(AU)

[Rehabilitation in lymphedema surgery]. / Tratamiento rehabilitador en la cirugía del linfedema.

Conservative treatment of lymphedema usually includes complex decongestive therapy in order to reduce the volume of the lymphedema, and compression garments in the maintenance phase. Follow-up is carried out in the Rehabilitation Services. Surgical treatment of lymphedema is a therapeutic option, the interest of which has increased in recent years, although there is no current evidence that it can cure lymphedema and it is always accompanied by conservative treatment. Most studies focus on results according to the type of surgery and there is no standardized protocol for conservative treatment before or after surgery. The objective of this work is to prepare a compendium about the most frequent lymphedema surgeries and their indications, focusing on the rehabilitation treatment for each surgery.

Risk factors for lymphedema after breast surgery: A prospective cohort study in the era of sentinel lymph node biopsy.

INTRODUCTION: The Objective was to investigate the incidence of lymphedema after breast cancer treatment and to analyze the risk factors involved in a tertiary level hospital. METHODS: Prospective longitudinal observational study over 3 years post-breast surgery. 232 patients undergoing surgery for breast cancer at our institution between September 2013 and February 2018. Sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) or axillary lymphadenectomy (ALND) were mandatory in this cohort. In total, 201 patients met the inclusion criteria and had a median follow-up of 31 months (range, 1-54 months). Lymphedema was diagnosed by circumferential measurements and truncated cone calculations. Patients and tumor characteristics, shoulder range of motion limitation and local and systemic therapies were analyzed as possible risk factors for lymphedema. RESULTS: Most cases of lymphedema appeared in the first 2 years. 13.9% of patients developed lymphedema: 31% after ALND and 4.6% after SLNB (p < 0.01), and 46.7% after mastectomy and 11.3% after breast-conserving surgery (p < 0.01). The lymphedema rate increased when axillary radiotherapy (RT) was added to radical surgery: 4.3% for SLNB alone, 6.7% for SLNB + RT, 17.6% for ALND alone, and 35.2% for ALND + RT (p < 0.01). In the multivariate analysis, the only risk factors associated with the development of lymphedema were ALND and mastectomy, which had hazard ratios (95% confidence intervals) of 7.28 (2.92-18.16) and 3.9 (1.60-9.49) respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The main risk factors for lymphedema were the more radical surgeries (ALND and mastectomy). The risk associated with these procedures appeared to be worsened by the addition of axillary radiotherapy. A follow-up protocol in patients with ALND lasting at least two years, in which special attention is paid to these risk factors, is necessary to guarantee a comprehensive control of lymphedema that provides early detection and treatment.

Scapular winging in surgical treatment of breast cancer, prospective study to optimize the follow-up protocol

Introduction One of the most common complications of the surgical treatment of breast cancer is limited range-of-motion in the shoulder. Scapular winging is one of the most underdiagnosed shoulder mobility impairments. Objective The main objective of this study was to determine the incidence of scapular winging in patients who underwent breast cancer surgery as the basis for expanding the protocol to patients who have had a sentinel lymph node biopsy. The secondary objective was to determine the risk factors that lead to the development of a winged scapula presented after breast cancer treatment in our sample. Methods This was a prospective, observational, and multidisciplinary study. Between 2013 and 2018, 214 consecutive patients who had been diagnosed with breast cancer and treated for it surgically were followed by Rehabilitation Department for 3 years. The patients were evaluated in the 1st, 6th, 12th, 18th, 24th and 36th months following surgery. Scapular winging was evaluated at each visit by means of static and dynamic tests. Results The cumulative incidence of scapular winging was 3.6% and seven cases of winged scapula were diagnosed. All the cases were diagnosed at the first visit, 1 month after the intervention. In the univariate analysis, the axillary lymph node dissection technique was a more significant risk factor for a winged scapula than sentinel lymph node biopsy. Conclusions The axillary lymph node dissection technique is a risk factor for developing a winged scapula. No evidence was found for any other significant risk factor (AU)

Scapular winging in surgical treatment of breast cancer, prospective study to optimize the follow-up protocol.

INTRODUCTION: One of the most common complications of the surgical treatment of breast cancer is limited range-of-motion in the shoulder. Scapular winging is one of the most underdiagnosed shoulder mobility impairments. OBJECTIVE: The main objective of this study was to determine the incidence of scapular winging in patients who underwent breast cancer surgery as the basis for expanding the protocol to patients who have had a sentinel lymph node biopsy. The secondary objective was to determine the risk factors that lead to the development of a winged scapula presented after breast cancer treatment in our sample. METHODS: This was a prospective, observational, and multidisciplinary study. Between 2013 and 2018, 214 consecutive patients who had been diagnosed with breast cancer and treated for it surgically were followed by Rehabilitation Department for 3 years. The patients were evaluated in the 1st, 6th, 12th, 18th, 24th and 36th months following surgery. Scapular winging was evaluated at each visit by means of static and dynamic tests. RESULTS: The cumulative incidence of scapular winging was 3.6% and seven cases of winged scapula were diagnosed. All the cases were diagnosed at the first visit, 1 month after the intervention. In the univariate analysis, the axillary lymph node dissection technique was a more significant risk factor for a winged scapula than sentinel lymph node biopsy. CONCLUSIONS: The axillary lymph node dissection technique is a risk factor for developing a winged scapula. No evidence was found for any other significant risk factor.

Linfedema facial y labial secundario a tratamiento oncológico. A propósito de un caso clínico / Facial and labial lymphedema after oncological treatment. A propos of clinical case

El linfedema facial secundario a un tratamiento oncológico es una entidad rara e incapacitante, que ocasiona alteraciones funcionales y estéticas. Presentamos el caso de una paciente de 61 años, que a raíz de una neoplasia de lengua en 2015 y tras varios tratamientos, incluyendo diversas intervenciones quirúrgicas, linfadenectomía ganglionar cervical bilateral y radioterapia adyuvante, desarrolló linfedema facial y labial. Fue remitida al servicio de rehabilitación por aumento de volumen facial y labial, sialorrea, xerostomía, dificultad para deglutir, leve disatria y protrusión labial. Debido a la repercusión funcional y el defecto estético que esto causaba a la paciente, se realizó un plan de tratamiento rehabilitador que consistió en drenaje linfático manual, colocación de ortesis facial nocturna de silicona y taping linfático. La paciente mejoró tanto subjetiva como objetivamente en términos de dureza y volumen facial, aunque observamos leve mejoría del linfedema labial (AU)

Facial lymphedema secondary to treatment by a neoplastic process is a rare and disabling pathology, causing functional and aesthetic alterations. A case report of facial and labial lymphedema describing the functional repercussion and aesthetic defect. We present a 61-years-old female patient suffered a tongue neoplasia and bilateral cervical lymphadenectomy in 2015. After several treatments, including diverse surgical interventions and adjuvant radiotherapy, developed facial and labial lymphedema. The patient was sent to our Rehabilitation Department complaining about swelling of the face and lips, dysphagia, sialorrhea, xerostomia, dysarthria and decubitus in lower lip by labia protusion. Due to the functional repercussion that it caused in the patient, rehabilitating physical treatment was planned with manual lymph drainage, facial silicone orthosis and lymphatic taping. The patient improved both subjectively as well as objectively in terms of hardness, volume and slight improvement of lip lymphedema (AU)

[Facial and labial lymphedema after oncological treatment. A propos of clinical case]. / Linfedema facial y labial secundario a tratamiento oncológico. A propósito de un caso clínico.

Facial lymphedema secondary to treatment by a neoplastic process is a rare and disabling pathology, causing functional and aesthetic alterations. A case report of facial and labial lymphedema describing the functional repercussion and aesthetic defect. We present a 61-years-old female patient suffered a tongue neoplasia and bilateral cervical lymphadenectomy in 2015. After several treatments, including diverse surgical interventions and adjuvant radiotherapy, developed facial and labial lymphedema. The patient was sent to our Rehabilitation Department complaining about swelling of the face and lips, dysphagia, sialorrhea, xerostomia, dysarthria and decubitus in lower lip by labia protusion. Due to the functional repercussion that it caused in the patient, rehabilitating physical treatment was planned with manual lymph drainage, facial silicone orthosis and lymphatic taping. The patient improved both subjectively as well as objectively in terms of hardness, volume and slight improvement of lip lymphedema.

[Modification of neurophysiological study in peripheral facial nerve palsy located in the orbicularis oris muscle after a dental procedure]. / Modificación del estudio neurofisiológico en la parálisis facial periférica localizada en el músculo orbicularis oris tras un procedimiento odontológico.

Peripheral facial nerve palsy (PFNP) has a substantial physical, psychological and social impact on patients. Neurophysiological study quantifies the degree of nerve injury and assesses prognosis. We present the case of a woman with a 3-month history of left PFNP after a dental implant, with facial functionality of 85.5% and with a normal neurophysiological study performed according to the standard protocol. By modifying the technique centred on the orbicularis oris in its upper portion, the procedure showed an asymmetry of amplitude and signs of denervation. This allowed us to detect a deficit and differentiate a possible asymmetry or simulation by the patient.

Modificación del estudio neurofisiológico en la parálisis facial periférica localizada en el músculo orbicularis oris tras un procedimiento odontológico / Modification of neurophysiological study in peripheral facial nerve palsy located in the orbicularis oris muscle after a dental procedure

La parálisis facial periférica supone un importante impacto físico, psicológico y social para el paciente, y el estudio neurofisiológico cuantifica el grado de lesión del nervio y valora el pronóstico de recuperación funcional. Se expone el caso de una mujer con parálisis facial periférica izquierda de 3 meses de evolución tras un implante dentario, con una funcionalidad facial del 85,5% y con un estudio neurofisiológico normal, realizado según el protocolo estándar, que, al modificar la técnica centrada en el orbicularis oris en su porción superior, muestra una asimetría de amplitud y signos de denervación. La modificación de la técnica estándar según la afectación clínica del paciente permite objetivar un déficit y diferenciarlo de una posible asimetría fisiológica o de una simulación por parte del paciente

Peripheral facial nerve palsy (PFNP) has a substantial physical, psychological and social impact on patients. Neurophysiological study quantifies the degree of nerve injury and assesses prognosis. We present the case of a woman with a 3-month history of left PFNP after a dental implant, with facial functionality of 85.5% and with a normal neurophysiological study performed according to the standard protocol. By modifying the technique centred on the orbicularis oris in its upper portion, the procedure showed an asymmetry of amplitude and signs of denervation. This allowed us to detect a deficit and differentiate a possible asymmetry or simulation by the patient

Linfedema de parénquima de mama. A propósito de 2 casos clínicos / Breast lymphoedema. A propos of 2 cases

El linfedema de mama (LM) secundario a cirugía tras un proceso neoplásico se manifiesta con edema o rubefacción en la zona de la mama. Presentamos 2 casos de pacientes intervenidas de cáncer de mama izquierda, hemimastectomía y linfadedectomía, que recibieron quimioterapia (QT) y radioterapia (RT) adyuvante. Fueron remitidas al Servicio de Rehabilitación (RHB) por aumento de volumen y sensación de dureza en extremidad superior izquierda (ESI) y mama. Tras objetivar el edema en la mama, tratamos el LM con taping linfático. Se las citó para revisión a la semana, y refirieron mejoría en la sensación de dureza e hinchazón en mama en la escala visual analógica (EVA). El LM es una dolencia infradiagnosticada aunque relativamente frecuente, de difícil cuantificación, y no hay descrito en la literatura un tratamiento específico. El taping linfático es una opción de tratamiento para el LM, ya que mejora la sensación subjetiva de dureza e hinchazón así como la clínica de induración y edema (AU)

Breast lymphoedema after oncological surgery is characterized by ipsilateral chest swelling and/or redness. We report the cases of 2 patients who underwent surgery for left breast cancer. Hemimastectomy and lymphadenectomy were performed, and postoperative therapy included adjuvant chemotherapy and radiotherapy. After discharge the patients were sent to our Rehabilitation Department complaining of swelling and heaviness in the left upper extremity and breast. The patients underwent a physical examination of the breast, and the lymphoedema of the upper extremity was measured. Lymphatic taping was applied to treat the breast lymphedema. One week later, both patients reported improvement in heaviness and swelling quantified by the visual analog scale (VAS). Breast lymphoedema is a relatively common but underdiagnosed condition and is difficult to quantify. There is no reported standard treatment for this entity in the literature. Lymphatic taping is an optional treatment for breast lymphoedema as it improves the subjective feeling of heaviness and swelling, as well as induration and oedema (AU)