ABSTRACT
From the perspectives of disease transmission and sterility maintenance, the world's blood supplies are generally safe. However, in multiple clinical settings, red blood cell (RBC) transfusions are associated with adverse cardiovascular events and multiorgan injury. Because â¼85 million units of blood are administered worldwide each year, transfusion-related morbidity and mortality is a major public health concern. Blood undergoes multiple biochemical changes during storage, but the relevance of these changes to unfavorable outcomes is unclear. Banked blood shows reduced levels of S-nitrosohemoglobin (SNO-Hb), which in turn impairs the ability of stored RBCs to effect hypoxic vasodilation. We therefore reasoned that transfusion of SNO-Hb-deficient blood may exacerbate, rather than correct, impairments in tissue oxygenation, and that restoration of SNO-Hb levels would improve transfusion efficacy. Notably in mice, administration of banked RBCs decreased skeletal muscle pO2, but infusion of renitrosylated cells maintained tissue oxygenation. In rats, hemorrhage-induced reductions in muscle pO2 were corrected by SNO-Hb-repleted RBCs, but not by control, stored RBCs. In anemic awake sheep, stored renitrosylated, but not control RBCs, produced sustained improvements in O2 delivery; in anesthetized sheep, decrements in hemodynamic status, renal blood flow, and kidney function incurred following transfusion of banked blood were also prevented by renitrosylation. Collectively, our findings lend support to the idea that transfusions may be causally linked to ischemic events and suggest a simple approach to prevention (i.e., SNO-Hb repletion). If these data are replicated in clinical trials, renitrosylation therapy could have significant therapeutic impact on the care of millions of patients.
Subject(s)
Blood Transfusion , Nitroso Compounds/metabolism , Oxygen/metabolism , Anemia/therapy , Animals , Hemorrhage/therapy , Mice , Rats , SheepABSTRACT
The clinician caring for patients in the immediate postoperative period must maintain a high index of suspicion for the development of complications. Evolving illness manifests itself throughout the continuum of care and must be recognized and aggressively managed to ensure optimal outcome. This article discusses common hemodynamic problems encountered in the postanesthesia care unit. These problems are presented in a clinical framework that is familiar to experienced practitioners and recognizable to trainees. This article reviews of these common problems including relevant physiologic principles; effects on hemodynamics; and a logical approach to evaluation, monitoring, and management of a complex postoperative patient.
Subject(s)
Hemodynamics/physiology , Monitoring, Physiologic/methods , Postoperative Care/methods , Postoperative Period , Airway Obstruction/diagnosis , Airway Obstruction/physiopathology , Airway Obstruction/therapy , Atrial Fibrillation/diagnosis , Atrial Fibrillation/physiopathology , Atrial Fibrillation/therapy , Bradycardia/diagnosis , Bradycardia/physiopathology , Bradycardia/therapy , Humans , Hypertension/diagnosis , Hypertension/physiopathology , Hypertension/therapy , Hypotension/diagnosis , Hypotension/physiopathology , Hypotension/therapy , Hypothermia/diagnosis , Hypothermia/physiopathology , Hypothermia/therapy , Oliguria/diagnosis , Oliguria/physiopathology , Oliguria/therapy , Tachycardia/diagnosis , Tachycardia/physiopathology , Tachycardia/therapyABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: The effects of video-assisted thoracic surgery (VATS) pulmonary lobectomy on after-hospital care are not well known. METHODS: In a retrospective case-control study, 20 consecutive VATS cases were matched to 38 standard thoracotomies (open cases). RESULTS: Ages were 73.8 +/- 7.8 years with no initial differences between the groups. No hospital deaths occurred. Excluding 2 VATS and 6 open outliers, VATS cases had fewer hospital days (4.6 +/- 1.9 vs. 6.4 +/- 2.2, P <0.01), chest tube days (3.0 +/- 1.1 vs. 4.2 +/- 1.7, P = 0.01), and prolonged pain complaints (28% vs. 56%, P = 0.05). Transfer to care facilities or home nursing support was needed for 63% of open patients and only 20% of VATS patients (P = 0.015). Less personal care (10% vs. 21%), wound/medical care (0% vs. 13%), occupational/physical therapy (5% vs. 13%), or other home support (5% vs. 18%) was needed for VATS patients. CONCLUSIONS: In older populations, more independence and fewer resources after discharge favor VATS lobectomy over standard thoracotomy.
