Clinician Knowledge of and Attitudes Toward Guided Self-Help.

The current study evaluated knowledge of and attitudes toward guided self-help (GSH) among clinicians who use evidence-based practices to treat one or more of the following: panic disorder, major depressive disorder, bulimia nervosa, binge-eating disorder, and generalized anxiety disorder. A total of 153 of 256 individuals recruited online and at professional conferences were eligible. This study assessed prior experience with and knowledge of GSH, as well as hypothetical use with a mock patient. Less than 20% of clinicians had ever used GSH, and fewer had used it as a stand-alone treatment. Given a mock patient reporting moderate symptoms, clinicians indicated a 53.62% likelihood that they would use GSH. Exploratory analyses indicated that hypothetical use was predicted by prior use of GSH as well as the Openness subscale of the Evidence-Based Practice Attitude Scale. Study findings suggest that clinicians using evidence-based practices do not uniformly know of or endorse the use of GSH. Lack of training in GSH was one of the most frequently endorsed barriers to implementing GSH in clinical practice (n = 99, 64%). These findings have implications for the use of therapy formats that scale evidence-based treatments in the United States.

The role of symptom reduction in improving health-related quality of life through brief cognitive behavioral therapy.

Brief cognitive behavior therapy (bCBT) is effective in reducing symptoms of depression and anxiety disorders and improving health-related quality of life (HRQoL). However, the mechanisms through which cognitive behavior therapy impact HRQoL are not well understood. This study evaluated whether anxiety and depression symptom reduction is a mechanism of treatment for HRQoL outcomes. METHOD: Using secondary data from a multisite, pragmatic, randomized trial, this study evaluated bCBT vs enhanced usual care in 16 VA community-based outpatient clinics. Ordinary least-squares path analysis testing multiple mediators was used to evaluate the role of change in depression and anxiety symptoms in the relationship between treatment condition and HRQoL. RESULTS: Receiving bCBT (vs. enhanced usual care) was significantly negatively associated with change (reduction) in depression and anxiety scores. The indirect effect of treatment on mental HRQoL was significant with change in depression scores as mediator. A similar pattern was observed for physical HRQoL and change in anxiety scores as mediator. CONCLUSION: Findings suggest reduction of depression and anxiety symptoms as a mechanism through which bCBT for depression promoted improvements in HRQoL, with important implications for understanding how CBT impacts functioning, as well as the utility of bCBT in nontraditional mental health settings. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT02466126.

Evaluation of the Implementation of the FLOW Program for Increasing Access to Mental Health Care.

The FLOW program was designed to facilitate appropriate and safe transitions of patients from specialty mental health (SMH) to primary care (PC) as a method of improving access and reducing appointment burden on veterans who have improved or remitted. In this study, the team evaluated the implementation of FLOW across nine Veterans Affairs (VA) sites using a mixed-methods evaluation in a cluster-randomized stepped wedge trial design. Outcome assessments used data from VA databases, dashboards, and semi-structured interviews and were guided by the Reach, Adoption, Effectiveness, Implementation, and Maintenance (RE-AIM) framework. Across the sites, mean level reach was 1.36% of all specialty mental health patients transitioned to primary care (standard deviation [SD] = 1.05). Mean provider adoption was 10.2% (SD = 8.3%). Approximately 75% of veterans were fully satisfied with their transition and reported shared decision-making in the decision to transition. Rates of transitions did not decrease over the 6-month maintenance period following implementation. These data suggest that FLOW can be successfully implemented and maintained, although there was wide variation in implementation across sites. Future research should examine how to support sites that struggle with implementation.

Applying the disgust conditioning model of food avoidance: A case study of acceptance-based interoceptive exposure.

OBJECTIVE: The current case report details the treatment of a 16-year-old adolescent with anorexia nervosa utilizing a novel adjunct, acceptance-based interoceptive exposure, prior to family-based treatment (FBT) for eating disorders. METHOD: The exposure-based module focused particularly on the tolerance of disgust. For six sessions, the clinician taught the client skills that could be used to tolerate distress to visceral sensations associated with disgust. These skills were to be used during in- and between-session exposures. Each session included exposure to physical sensations that occurred while drinking a milkshake. RESULTS: Across six sessions, the client reported improvement in symptoms in addition to gaining weight. Additionally, she consumed more calories of a test meal following the intervention. Within broader FBT, the client reached an established weight goal, was able to return to physical activity, and reported an increased ability to manage distress. DISCUSSION: Given the client's improvement on the Eating Disorders Examination-Questionnaire (EDE-Q) within six sessions, we believe IE may be a useful adjunct to FBT. Interoceptive exposure may augment the efficacy of FBT for anorexia nervosa as it provides clients with skills to utilize during the refeeding phase of treatment.

Suicidal Ideation among Women Court-Referred to Batterer Intervention Programs.

Identifying the prevalence and correlates of suicidal ideation in women mandated to batterer intervention programs is necessary to prevent suicide in this greatly understudied population. This study used cross-sectional, self-report survey methodology to identify the prevalence and correlates of suicidal ideation among 79 women attending batterer intervention programs. Thirty-three percent of the sample reported experiencing suicidal ideation during the two weeks prior to entering the program. Multiple linear regression analysis indicated that, while controlling for number of batterer intervention sessions attended, symptoms of depression and borderline personality disorder, but not symptoms of antisocial personality disorder, were associated with suicidal ideation.

Alcohol Use, Alcohol-Related Outcome Expectancies, and Partner Aggression Among Males Court-Mandated to Batterer Intervention Programs: A Brief Report.

Additional work is needed to determine how and/or why the relationship between alcohol use and increased risk of partner aggression (PA) exists. Researchers have begun to examine whether alcohol-related outcome expectancies (i.e., beliefs about the cognitive and behavioral effects of alcohol) are associated with PA irrespective of alcohol use. We examined the relationship between alcohol use, alcohol expectancies, and PA among 360 males arrested for a domestic violence offense and court-mandated to treatment. Results indicate that certain alcohol expectancies do play a role in the relationship between alcohol use and some forms of PA.

The Relationship Between Family-of-Origin Violence, Hostility, and Intimate Partner Violence in Men Arrested for Domestic Violence: Testing a Mediational Model.

Although research has shown links between family-of-origin violence (FOV), intimate partner violence (IPV), and hostility, research has not examined whether hostility mediates the relationship between FOV and IPV. The current study examined whether hostility mediates FOV and IPV perpetration in 302 men arrested for domestic violence. Results demonstrated that hostility fully mediated the relationship between father-to-participant FOV and physical and psychological IPV, and the relationship between mother-to-participant FOV and physical IPV. Results indicated that hostility fully mediated the relationship between experiencing and witnessing FOV and physical IPV (composite FOV), and partially mediated the relationship between composite FOV and psychological aggression.

Changing the course of comorbid eating disorders and depression: what is the role of public health interventions in targeting shared risk factors?

Public health has a productive history of improving global health due to its focus on reaching large populations using effective and scalable interventions. Yet, the marriage between evidence-based science and the implementation of community/public health interventions within mental illness remains underdeveloped. Research suggests that major depression is the most commonly cited comorbidity for eating disorders (EDs). Thus, identification of public health strategies that jointly impact depression and EDs, including shared risk factors, has the potential to significantly impact mental health suffering. The primary aim of this paper is to examine and discuss such public health approaches as well as explore cues taken from public health efforts to inform future directions in research and clinical practice. As a comprehensive review of all public health initiatives that address EDs and depression is beyond the scope of this paper, this paper reviews a series of programs/approaches that either are of large scale and/or have received empirical support. In particular, public health related interventions that aim to reduce variable risk factors associated with EDs and depression, as well as interventions that aim to reduce continuous measures of ED and depression symptoms are reviewed. To date, despite significant progress in modifying risk factors for EDs and depression, the field still lacks a public health study that has been appropriately designed and/or adequately powered to assess true ED/depression prevention effects. Further, although several programs show promise, many widely disseminated approaches lack empirical support, raising concerns about the potential for waste of limited resources. In summary, although the combination of prevention and public health based approaches appear to have merit when trying to move the needle on risk factors and symptoms associated with EDs and/or depression, further research is needed to investigate the reach and effectiveness of large scale dissemination efforts of such endeavors.