Ibuprofen protects alpha-crystallin against posttranslational modification by preventing protein cross-linking.

Posttranslational modification of bovine alpha-crystallin by D-erythrose-4-phosphate, fructose-6-phosphate, D-ribose-5-phosphate and carbamylation using potassium cyanate induced the loss of chaperone-like activity, as assessed by gamma-crystallin aggregation. The presence of high-molecular-weight aggregates indicated that erythrosylated, fructosylated and carbamylated alpha-crystallins were modified by non-reducible cross-linking. In contrast, ribosylation of alpha-crystallin induced the formation of reducible cross-links. Analysis of ribosylated, erythrosylated and carbamylated alpha-crystallin using non-denaturing acrylamide gels showed that the cross-linking did not sterically inhibit the normal aggregate formation or alter the oligomerisation of the aggregate. Co-incubation of ibuprofen in the presence of alpha-crystallin and the modifying agents protected the chaperone-like activity of alpha-crystallin, enabling the inhibition of gamma-crystallin aggregation. In addition, ibuprofen inhibited the formation of both reducible and non-reducible cross-linked high-molecular-weight alpha-crystallin aggregates. We show in this paper that ibuprofen can inhibit in vitro cross-linking events responsible for the loss of chaperone-like activity of alpha-crystallin and suggest that the protective effect of ibuprofen may be exerted by the binding of ibuprofen breakdown products to alpha-crystallin lysine groups, preventing posttranslational modification responsible for the loss of chaperone-like activity.

Effects of site-directed mutations on the chaperone-like activity of alphaB-crystallin.

Recombinant alphaB-crystallin has been shown to exhibit chaperone-like activity, suppressing the thermal aggregation of gamma-crystallin and aggregation of the reduced insulin B chain conferring thermotolerance to Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) cells. Mutations were made in three specific areas of the alphaB-crystallin, the N terminus D2G, the conserved phenylalanine-rich region, F24R, F27R, F27A, and the two C-terminal lysines K174L/K175L, K174G/K175G. Biophysical characterization of the mutant alphaB-crystallins using far-UV CD revealed no change in secondary structural elements. Tryptophan fluorescence demonstrated global structural changes. Heat stability of the mutant alphaB-crystallins was not significantly affected as indicated by tryptophan fluorescence of heat-treated proteins. Mutations within the phenylalanine-rich region abolish the chaperone-like activity as measured by both in vivo and in vitro assays. Proteins with mutations at the C terminus demonstrated no significant chaperone-like activity, failing to confer thermotolerance on E. coli and demonstrating no significant inhibition of protein aggregation in either gamma-crystallin or reduced insulin B chain assays. The N-terminal mutation D2G demonstrated a significant reduction in efficiency of the chaperone-like activity although some thermotolerance was conferred in the E. coli assay. In vitro assays showed that complete inhibition of aggregation was only achieved at 10-fold higher concentrations of D2G than that required by the native alphaB-crystallin. Consistent changes in the chaperone-like activity of the site-directed mutants were demonstrated by the three assays. The results suggested that both charge-charge and hydrophobic interactions are important in protein binding by alphaB-crystallin and that the conserved RLFDQFF region is vital for chaperone-like activity.