ABSTRACT
The current status of the use of nanoparticles for photothermal treatments is reviewed in detail. The different families of heating nanoparticles are described paying special attention to the physical mechanisms at the root of the light-to-heat conversion processes. The heating efficiencies and spectral working ranges are listed and compared. The most important results obtained in both in vivo and in vitro nanoparticle assisted photothermal treatments are summarized. The advantages and disadvantages of the different heating nanoparticles are discussed.
Subject(s)
Nanoparticles , Nanotechnology , Phototherapy , Animals , Cell Line , Humans , Mice , Nanoparticles/chemistry , Nanoparticles/therapeutic useABSTRACT
Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) is a noninvasive alternative to traditional pain treatments. TENS has been studied in the past as a pain reduction modality in colonoscopy with limited success. Reviews and meta-analysis have shown that the inconclusive results of TENS may be due to the lack of randomized controlled trials and the difficulty in defining precise output parameters. The objective of this double-blind randomized placebo-controlled trial was to investigate the pain-relieving effect of a new application of TENS in unsedated screening colonoscopy. Ninety patients undergoing unsedated screening colonoscopy were randomly allocated to one of three groups: a control group (n=30), a group to receive active TENS (n=30), or a group to receive placebo TENS (n=30). A visual analogue scale (VAS) and a five-point Likert scale were used to assess pain 5 min into the procedure and at the end of the procedure. The patient's bloating sensation during colonoscopy and the effect on the duration of the procedure were also evaluated. Throughout the procedure, the active TENS group experienced a VAS pain score reduction ≥50% compared to the placebo TENS group (P<0.001) and the control group (P<0.001). On the five-point Likert scale, there was also a significant reduction in pain score in the active TENS group compared to the placebo TENS and control groups (P=0.009). No significant differences were found between the study groups as to the bloating sensation and the duration of the procedure. We conclude that TENS can be used as a pain relief therapy in unsedated screening colonoscopy.
Subject(s)
Colonoscopy/methods , Pain Management , Transcutaneous Electric Nerve Stimulation , Colonoscopy/adverse effects , Conscious Sedation , Double-Blind Method , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Pain/etiology , Pain Measurement/methods , Patient Satisfaction , Placebos , Transcutaneous Electric Nerve Stimulation/methods , Treatment OutcomeABSTRACT
The self-organisation of citrate- and magnesium oleate-stabilised gold nanoparticles on SiO2/Si substrates was investigated. In drop deposition, nucleation of citrate-stabilised gold nanoparticles was observed at the rim of the droplet, symmetric or multibranched dendroid gold structures were found in the area between the rim and the central part of the droplet, depending on the drying temperature. Homogeneous submonolayer nanoparticle coverage was obtained by immersion of amineterminated SiO2/Si surfaces into a citrate-stabilised colloidal gold acidic solution. Drop deposition of magnesium oleate-stabilised gold nanoparticles onto the SiO2/Si surfaces resulted in the formation of uniformly close-packed nanoparticle arrays. Under electron beam irradiation, no apparent changes were found for monolayer films of citrate-stabilized particles, but sintering of the nanoparticles was observed in multilayer films. In contrast, coalescence of magnesium oleate-stabilised gold nanoparticle occurred in monolayer films after electron irradiation.
