ABSTRACT
The correspondence problem arises in motion perception when more than one motion path is possible for discontinuously presented visual elements. Ullman's (1979) "minimal mapping" solution to the correspondence problem, for which costs are assigned to competing motion paths on the basis of element affinities (e.g., greater affinity for elements that are closer together), is distinguished from a solution based on the differential activation of directionally selective motion detectors. The differential activation account was supported by evidence that path length affects detector activation in a paradignm for which motion correspondence is not a factor. Effects on detector activation in this paradigm also were the basis for the successful prediction of path luminance effects on solutions to the motion correspondence problem. Finally, the differential activation account was distinguished from minimal mapping theory by an experiment showing that the perception of an element moving simultaneously in two directions does not depend on whether the two motions are matched in path-length determined affinity; it is sufficient that the activation of detectors responding to each of the two motion directions is above the threshold level required for the motions to be perceived. Implications of the differential activation solution are discussed for the stability of perceived motions once they are established, and the adaptation of perceived and unperceived motions.
Subject(s)
Attention , Motion Perception , Problem Solving , Adult , Distance Perception , Female , Humans , Male , Orientation , Pattern Recognition, Visual , Psychophysics , Sensory ThresholdsABSTRACT
A 10-year-old boy with a medical history of fatigue became nauseous, short of breath and cyanotic within 24 hours after a frightening incident. He was successfully resuscitated after a cardiac arrest. A CT scan revealed a ruptured aneurysm of the ascending aorta. During emergency surgery the ascending aorta and aortic arch were replaced with a 22 mm synthetic graft. No postoperative complications occurred. There was no associated trauma, syphilis, collagen diseases (Marfan's syndrome, Ehlers-Danlos syndrome), congenital heart disease or autoimmune disease. The cause of the aneurysm and rupture remain unclear.
Subject(s)
Aorta, Thoracic/pathology , Aortic Aneurysm, Thoracic/diagnosis , Aortic Rupture , Fear , Heart Arrest/etiology , Aorta, Thoracic/surgery , Aortic Aneurysm, Thoracic/diagnostic imaging , Aortic Aneurysm, Thoracic/pathology , Aortic Aneurysm, Thoracic/surgery , Child , Cyanosis/etiology , Diagnosis, Differential , Dyspnea/etiology , Fatigue/etiology , Humans , Male , Nausea/etiology , Radiography , ResuscitationABSTRACT
The effect of carob bean gum (9.5 g/1000 kcal, 4184 kJ) in the daily diet on the absorption of Ca, Fe, Zn and Cu was determined during a 4-week balance study in 2 male and 6 female healthy subjects, aged 19 to 25 years. A normal mixed diet was used, to which carob bean gum was added during food preparation for the last 2 weeks of the study. The absorption of minerals and trace elements was calculated as the difference between dietary intake and fecal excretion. The ingestion of carob bean gum caused a significant reduction in the absorption of Ca, Fe and Zn when compared to the control diet, while the absorption of Cu remained unchanged.
Subject(s)
Gastrointestinal Agents/pharmacology , Intestinal Absorption/drug effects , Minerals/metabolism , Trace Elements/metabolism , Adult , Body Weight , Calcium/metabolism , Copper/metabolism , Diet , Feces/analysis , Female , Humans , Iron/metabolism , Male , Zinc/metabolismSubject(s)
Therapeutic Community , Group Processes , Group Structure , Humans , Interpersonal RelationsSubject(s)
Academies and Institutes , Hospitals, Psychiatric , Neurotic Disorders/therapy , Humans , PolandABSTRACT
A general review of literature delivers information about relevant publications pertaining to the question of transvestism and transsexualism. By and large German and Angloamerican literature is quoted on this subject. Consideration has been given to the variations of the syndrome in both males and females. The display of these symptoms is mainly in accordance with the psychopathological structure of the clinical picture. Symptomatologic and psychodynamically related sexual deviations (fetishism, effeminated homosexuality) as well as endogenous psychoses have been considered from a differential diagnostic point of view. The differential nosology characterizes the efforts made in dealing with the heterogenity of the syndromes. Moreover it is indicative of the sexually specific styles of manifestation. In the etiological approach somatogenic (chromosomal, hormonal and cerebral) and psychogenetic types are differentiated. Interesting results in child and family therapy have been mentioned on the latter type. The contributions of psychotherapy, behavior therapy and surgical operations aiming at sexual transformation including their legal repercussions have been given full consideration in the therapy chapter.
Subject(s)
Transsexualism , Transvestism , Behavior Therapy , Diagnosis, Differential , Family Therapy , Female , Fetishism, Psychiatric/diagnosis , Homosexuality/diagnosis , Humans , Male , Psychotherapy , Psychotic Disorders/diagnosis , Transsexualism/diagnosis , Transsexualism/therapy , Transvestism/diagnosis , Transvestism/therapyABSTRACT
Certain observations led us to test the validity of the general assumption that hysterical syndromes occur more frequently among those inpatients who are refered to us from other departments of our faculty than among the psychiatric outpatients referred by private physicians. Such an assumption was verified in both hysterical neurotics and hysterical personality structures. Moreover, phobic neurotics, and depressive as well as infantile personality structures were underrepresented among the nonpsychiatric inpatients. These findings revealed a selection in psychiatric consultation. The social environment usually reacts to hysterical syndromes by showing vivid affective rejection; infantile syndromes are usually met by complementary protective attitudes. Phobic syndromes and depressive personality structures lead to withdrawal. We are inclined to believe that certain patterns of reactions of staff within the close communication network in a ward are responsible for the above mentioned selection. As far as therapy is concerned nonpsychiatric physicians deviated from the advice given by psychiatrists only in the case of psychogenic psychosyndromes. Despite specific psychiatric advice, their therapeutic measures tended to be uniform. Apparently the non-psychiatrist does not regard psychogenic psychosyndromes as diseases due to the lack of objective consideration. In summary: It appears that the neutral patient-clinician interaction is disturbed in the case of psychogenic psychosyndromes. This fact limits the effectiveness of "indications" and "therapy" in psychiatric consultation, especially if we bear in mind that psychogenic syndromes constitute by far the most prevalent psychic disturbances.
