ABSTRACT
We report two cases of adults who developed mania after taking the antibiotic clarithromycin. Clarithromycin is a frequently used antibiotic, but it can lead to a rare but significant psychiatric complication in the form of a manic episode. Mania is commonly associated with bipolar disorder, but the causes can be pharmacological, metabolic or neurologic, particularly when it occurs in patients who themselves or whose families have no past history of psychiatric illness. New-onset mania calls for detailed clinical and laboratory testing and neuro-imaging so that somatic causes can be ruled out. It is important that the currently used medication is included in the differential diagnosis of mania. The first step in treatment is to discontinue the antibiotic therapy. The pharmacological treatment for mania caused by antibiotic therapy is largely the same as for mania in bipolar disorder; this means starting with anti-manic and anti-psychotic medication and providing a structured and calming environment. Most cases of pharmacologically induced mania are resolved if the aetiology is determined and treated. Mania that has pharmacological causes generally does not require prophylactic mood-stabilising treatment. Nevertheless, a psychiatric follow-up is advisable. If these steps are taken, the prognosis is favourable.
Subject(s)
Anti-Bacterial Agents/adverse effects , Bipolar Disorder/chemically induced , Clarithromycin/adverse effects , Adult , Adverse Drug Reaction Reporting Systems , Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use , Bipolar Disorder/diagnosis , Clarithromycin/therapeutic use , Humans , Male , Middle AgedABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Depression is highly prevalent in patients with chronic physical illnesses. A promising intervention for this group of patients is the collaborative care treatment as developed in the us. AIM: To demonstrate the prevalence of depression and the risk factors of depression in diabetes patients, to describe how the screening for depression can be carried out and to assess whether the collaborative care treatment in the Netherlands is effective. METHOD: A questionnaire was completed every three months in order to determine whether there was an improvement in patients' depression and physical symptoms. The outcomes were analysed by means of the multilevel logistic regression analyses. RESULTS: On the basis of the Patient Health Questionnaire, about 26% of the diabetes patients were found to have a depression. This questionnaire was validated for the measurement of depression in diabetes patients, the best results being found at a cut-off point of 12. In cases of fairly severe depression, collaborative care had no effect on depressive symptoms but did reduce severe physical complications. In cases of more severe depression, collaborative care only had an effect on depressive symptoms, but was not found to have any effect on physical complications. CONCLUSION: There is evidence that collaborative care can reduce depression and physical complications in chronically ill patients. However, more research is needed to find out whether collaborative care can become more effective if it is supplemented with digital methods and group therapy.
Subject(s)
Depressive Disorder, Major/epidemiology , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/epidemiology , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/psychology , Patient Care Team/organization & administration , Antidepressive Agents/therapeutic use , Chronic Disease/epidemiology , Chronic Disease/psychology , Chronic Disease/therapy , Combined Modality Therapy , Comorbidity , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/therapy , Female , Humans , Logistic Models , Male , Middle Aged , Netherlands , Patient Care Team/standards , Surveys and Questionnaires/standardsABSTRACT
We present three cases in which psychiatric symptoms were misinterpreted and somatic investigation was incomplete. Some of the symptoms encountered in mental health care such as anxiety, confusion and even attempted suicide, are caused by an underlying somatic disorder. In most cases, particularly when patients have a known past psychiatric history, insufficient attention is given to possible somatic causes of psychiatric symptoms. Since psychiatric and somatic symptoms can clearly overlap, we believe that health professionals, particularly psychiatrists, should take a broad clinical view and give close attention to the possibility that a patient’s psychiatric symptoms may have somatic causes.
