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1.
Cell Microbiol ; 16(8): 1244-54, 2014 Aug.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24612488

ABSTRACT

ExoU is an important virulence factor in acute Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections. Here, we unveiled the mechanisms of ExoU-driven NF-κB activation by using human airway cells and mice infected with P. aeruginosa strains. Several approaches showed that PAFR was crucially implicated in the activation of the canonical NF-κB pathway. Confocal microscopy of lungs from infected mice revealed that PAFR-dependent NF-κB activation occurred mainly in respiratory epithelial cells, and reduced p65 nuclear translocation was detected in mice PAFR-/- or treated with the PAFR antagonist WEB 2086. Several evidences showed that ExoU-induced NF-κB activation regulated PAFR expression. First, ExoU increased p65 occupation of PAFR promoter, as assessed by ChIP. Second, luciferase assays in cultures transfected with different plasmid constructs revealed that ExoU promoted p65 binding to the three κB sites in PAFR promoter. Third, treatment of cell cultures with the NF-κB inhibitor Bay 11-7082, or transfection with IκBα negative-dominant, significantly decreased PAFR mRNA. Finally, reduction in PAFR expression was observed in mice treated with Bay 11-7082 or WEB 2086 prior to infection. Together, our data demonstrate that ExoU activates NF-κB by PAFR signalling, which in turns enhances PAFR expression, highlighting an important mechanism of amplification of response to this P. aeruginosa toxin.


Subject(s)
Bacterial Proteins/metabolism , Platelet Activating Factor/metabolism , Platelet Membrane Glycoproteins/genetics , Pseudomonas aeruginosa/pathogenicity , Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/genetics , Transcription Factor RelA/metabolism , Animals , Azepines/pharmacology , Bacterial Toxins/metabolism , Cell Line , Enzyme Activation , Female , Gene Expression Regulation , Humans , Lung/microbiology , Mice , Mice, Inbred C57BL , Mice, Knockout , Microscopy, Confocal , Platelet Activating Factor/pharmacology , Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors/pharmacology , Platelet Membrane Glycoproteins/antagonists & inhibitors , Platelet Membrane Glycoproteins/biosynthesis , Promoter Regions, Genetic , Protein Binding , Pseudomonas Infections/pathology , Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/antagonists & inhibitors , Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/biosynthesis , Signal Transduction/genetics , Triazoles/pharmacology
2.
PLoS One ; 7(7): e41772, 2012.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-22848596

ABSTRACT

ExoU, a Pseudomonas aeruginosa cytotoxin injected into host cytosol by type III secretion system, exhibits a potent proinflammatory activity that leads to a marked recruitment of neutrophils to infected tissues. To evaluate the mechanisms that account for neutrophil infiltration, we investigated the effect of ExoU on IL-8 secretion and NF-κB activation. We demonstrate that ExoU increases IL-8 mRNA and protein levels in P. aeruginosa-infected epithelial and endothelial cell lines. Also, ExoU induces the nuclear translocation of p65/p50 NF-κB transactivator heterodimer as well as NF-κB-dependent transcriptional activity. ChIP assays clearly revealed that ExoU promotes p65 binding to NF-κB site in IL-8 promoter and the treatment of cultures with the NF-κB inhibitor Bay 11-7082 led to a significant reduction in IL-8 mRNA levels and protein secretion induced by ExoU. These results were corroborated in a murine model of pneumonia that revealed a significant reduction in KC secretion and neutrophil infiltration in bronchoalveolar lavage when mice were treated with Bay 11-7082 before infection with an ExoU-producing strain. In conclusion, our data demonstrate that ExoU activates NF-κB, stimulating IL-8 expression and secretion during P. aeruginosa infection, and unveils a new mechanism triggered by this important virulence factor to interfere in host signaling pathways.


Subject(s)
Bacterial Proteins/metabolism , Interleukin-8/metabolism , NF-kappa B/metabolism , Pseudomonas aeruginosa/physiology , Animals , Bacterial Proteins/biosynthesis , Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid/microbiology , Capillaries/cytology , Cell Line , Endothelial Cells/metabolism , Endothelial Cells/microbiology , Epithelial Cells/metabolism , Epithelial Cells/microbiology , Female , Gene Expression Regulation , Interleukin-8/genetics , Mice , Neutrophil Infiltration , Pseudomonas aeruginosa/metabolism , RNA, Messenger/genetics , RNA, Messenger/metabolism , Respiratory System/immunology , Respiratory System/microbiology
3.
APMIS ; 115(4): 311-8, 2007 Apr.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-17504297

ABSTRACT

Knowledge about the virulence mechanisms of species from the Burkholderia cepacia complex (BCC) is still limited. The genomovar heterogeneity and production of different virulence factors are likely to contribute to the variation in the clinical outcome observed in BCC-infected cystic fibrosis (CF) patients. Therefore, in this study we investigated the genetic polimorphism, the presence of genetic makers associated with virulence and transmissibility in BCC, and the profile of exoenzyme production of 59 BCC isolates obtained from 59 CF patients attending the reference CF centre in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The DNA sequence analyses of the recA gene allowed us to identify 40 of these 59 BCC species as being B. cenocepacia, 9 as B. vietnamiensis, 6 as B. multivorans and 4 as B. ambifaria. The assessment of the bacterial genetic polymorphism by PFGE revealed that B. cenocepacia and the B. multivorans isolates belonged to four and two different PFGE profiles with prevalence of two clones, A and B, respectively. All B. vietnamiensis and B. ambifaria belonged to only one PFGE profile (J and E, respectively). None of the isolates exhibited the genetic markers cblA and BCESM, assessed by polymerase chain reaction. In contrast, the profile of enzymatic activity, assessed by phenotypic methods, differed among the BCC species: protease activity was detected only in B. cenocepacia and B. ambifaria isolates, whereas only B. vietnamiensis isolates produced hemolysin. Although the phospholipase C activity was similar among the different species, the level of lipase activity produced by B. multivorans was higher than in the other species. We speculate that the differential characteristics of exoenzyme production may account for the differences in the pathogenic potentials of each BCC species.


Subject(s)
Burkholderia Infections/microbiology , Burkholderia cepacia/isolation & purification , Burkholderia/isolation & purification , Cystic Fibrosis/microbiology , Lung Diseases/microbiology , Bacterial Proteins/analysis , Bacterial Typing Techniques , Biomarkers/analysis , Brazil , Burkholderia/enzymology , Burkholderia/genetics , Burkholderia cepacia/enzymology , Burkholderia cepacia/genetics , Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field , Enzymes/analysis , Humans , Polymorphism, Genetic , Virulence/genetics
4.
Rev. microbiol ; 27(3): 143-9, set. 1996.
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-193546

ABSTRACT

A virulência de muitos patógenos humanos parece depender de sua capacidade de aderir e de invadir células das mucosas hospedeiras. As culturas de células de mamíferos säo instrumentos de grande utilidade para a elucidaçäo dos fatores bacterianos e das células hospedeiras envolvidos nos fenômenos de aderência e de invasäo celular. Na medida do possível, as células escolhidas para os ensaios devem se assemelhar às células naturalmente colonizadas e com que as bactérias interagem in vivo. As culturas de células também apresentam algumas limitaçöes que devem ser levadas em consideraçäo toda vez que pretendemos extrapolar os resultados obtidos in vitro para fenômenos que ocorrem in vitro para fenômenos que ocorrem in vivo. Neste artigo discutimos algumas vantagens e desvantagens de diferentes métodos utilizados para estudar a aderência bacteriana e para distinguir microrganismos que permanecem aderidos à superfície das células de outras que säo por elas internalizadas. Além da capacidade de reconhecer epitopos presentes nas membranas de células eucarióticas, as adesinas bacterianas também podem ter uma atividade tóxica e induzir a morte da célula hospedeira, tanto por necrose quanto por apoptose. Neste artigo apresenta-se alguns dos métodos utilizados para avaliar a viabilidade celular, principalmente métodos que detectam a perda da permeabilidade das membranas e métodos que detectam distúrbios das funçöes celulares vitais. Finalmente, discutimos como células necróticas e apoptóticas podem ser diferenciadas


Subject(s)
Cell Culture Techniques , Bacterial Adhesion , Cell Survival
5.
J. pneumol ; 12(2): 138-46, jun. 1986. tab, ilus
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-34747

ABSTRACT

Faz-se uma revisäo dos métodos de diagnóstico bacteriológico das infecçöes respiratórias baixas. Assinalam a inadequaçäo do cultivo qualitativo do escarro expectorado, sem que tenham sido tomadas medidas destinadas à detecçäo do grau de sua contaminaçäo pela flora microbiana oral. Propöem que a colheita do escarro seja sistematicamente precedida pela rinçagem da boca com salina estéril, seguida pela colocaçäo de tampöes de algodäo nos orifícios de drenagem das glândulas salivares. O processamento do espécime obtido deve ser precoce. Caso contrário, recomenda-se a sua refrigeraçäo por até 20 h. O cultivo quantitativo do escarro deve ser feito após homogeneizaçäo com agentes mucolíticos. Paralelamente, deve ser feita a contagem de leucócitos no escarro, de grande valor para a interpretaçäo dos resultados obtidos. Discute-se o emprego de métodos mais agressivos como punçäo transtraqueal, aspiraçäo através de fibrobroncoscópio e punçäo percutânea pulmonar, técnicas estas que devem ser reservadas para casos especiais


Subject(s)
Humans , Respiratory Tract Infections/microbiology , Bacteriological Techniques , Sputum/analysis
6.
Rev. bras. patol. clín ; 21(6): 180-93, nov.-dez. 1985. tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-26877

ABSTRACT

Alguns testes fisiológicos para a diferenciaçäo de Streptococcus beta hemolíticos humanos dos sorogrupos A, B, C, D e G foram avaliados. Cento e oitenta e seis amostras foram estudadas e grupadas sorologicamente, correspondendo a 50 grupo A, 60 grupo B, 15 grupo C, 38 grupo D e 23 grupo G. Observa-se boa correlaçäo quando consideramos a sensibilidade à bacitracina, teste CAMP, hidrólise do hipurato, produçäo de pigmento, crescimento na presença de bile esculina e em caldo com NaCL a 6,5% e, a sorogrupagem das amostras estudadas. A sensibilidade ao teste da bacitracina foi de 86% para o grupo A, mas foram encontradas reaçöes falso-positivas para os Streptococcus dos grupos C e G. O comportamento das amostras do grupo A distribuiu-se entre 9 padröes, quando consideramos todos os testes fisiológicos. O teste CAMP, produçäo de pigmento e hidrólise do hipurato (método ráoido) foram igualmente sensíveis em relaçäo ao grupo B, sendo os dois primeiros testes os mais específicos para o grupo (73,3 e 80%, respectivamente). Vinte e dois padröes foram encontrados entre as amostras do grupo B. A sensibilidade dos testes NaCl 6,5% e bile esculina foi de 100% para o grupo D, com reaçöes falso-positivas observadas no grupo B. Sete padröes de comportamento foram observados para o grupo D. Esquemas simples para diferenciar os estreptococos dos grupos A, B e D säo apresentados, com base na experiência relatada acima. As amostras dos grupos C e G foram reconhecidas principalmente por serem inativas na maioria dos testes usados


Subject(s)
Bacteriological Techniques , Streptococcus/isolation & purification , Bacitracin/pharmacology , Esculin/pharmacology , Indicators and Reagents
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