Treatment of patients with achalasia with botulinum toxin: a multicenter prospective cohort study.

Botulinum toxin (BT) injection is an alternative treatment of achalasia. The aim of the study was to examine outcomes of patients treated with BT in the Czech Republic. Since 1997, 49 patients with achalasia have been treated with BT. We prospectively evaluated the effect of BT injection on 41 patients during a median follow-up of 24 months (range 9-62). Esophageal manometry was performed before and at 3-5 months after the injection. In 16 patients, BT was injected from the antegrade angle only (subgroup A), in 15 patients, BT was injected from both retrograde and antegrade angles (subgroup B) and, in 10 patients, BT injection was combined with subsequent balloon dilatation (subgroup C). Immediate clinical response was achieved in 93% of patients. Clinical remission was sustained beyond 3 months in 83% of patients (responders). Fourteen responders (41%) did not experience a relapse during the median of 22 months. Twenty responders (59%) experienced symptomatic relapse approximately 8 months after the injection. Ten relapsers underwent BT reinjection, five (50%) of them were asymptomatic for another 14 months. The remaining five (50%) patients reported a second relapse approximately 6 months after the reinjection. Median duration of the symptom-free period was 11.5 months after the first BT injection, and 10.5 months after the second (P = 0.21). We did not find any significant predictor of a favorable outcome; responders tended to be older and to have a lower basal lower-esophageal-sphincter pressure. Patients in subgroup C were more likely to be in remission at 1 and 2 years as compared with patients in subgroup A. BT injection is an effective treatment of achalasia in the short term. However, almost 70% of patients experience a relapse within 2 years. BT injection should therefore be reserved for patients at risk for more invasive procedures or for patients who prefer this treatment.

[Barrett's esophagus]. / Barrettuv jícen.

Barrett's oesophagus is a premalignant metaplastic change of the oesophageal mucosa. Due to its relationship with oesophageal reflux disease and the development of adenoma-carcinoma of the oesophagus the problem arouses increasing interest. In the wide pathogenesis of the disease most probably the composite effect of the refluxed HCl content and duodenal juices play a part. In the diagnosis in addition to fundamental methods--endoscopy and histology--increasingly chromoendoscopy and fluorescent endoscopy are involved. Dispensarization of patients is essential and depends on the degree of pathohistological epithelial changes. Treatment of Barrett's oesophagus can be divided into conservative, where the drug of choice are proton pump inhibitors, and surgical treatment. Promising is endoscopic ablation of the epithelium in combination with subsequent antisecretory therapy.

[Pathologic gastroesophageal reflux in patients with bronchial asthma]. / Patologický gastroezofageální reflux u pacientu s astmatem bronchiale.

Gastrooesophageal reflux (GER) and asthma bronchiale are frequent diseases. Asthma affects some 3-10% of adults. Gastrooesophageal reflux is present in some 45-89% asthmatic patients. Symptoms of GER are not only gastrooesophageal, and recently increased attention is focused on extraoesophageal symptoms where in particular the relationship of GER and asthma or chronic cough is investigated. At our clinic we implemented a pilot study with the objective to monitor the presence of pathological GER in patients with asthma and to assess whether antireflux therapy will influence the respiratory complaints of the patients. The group was formed by 14 patients selected at random with different severity of asthma and different symptoms of GER. The patients had a baseline examination evaluating the presence of GER (24-hour pH metry) and pulmonary function (FEV1). In case of a pathological GER the patients were treated by antireflux therapy and then check-up examinations were made. It was found that after treatment of GER in patients with asthma in particular subjective symptoms improved such as cough and pyrosis which leads to a substantial improvement of the quality of life. On the other hand reflux treatment did not exert a basic effect on pulmonary functions and it was not possible to reduce the medication of asthma.

Restoration of propulsive peristalsis of the esophagus in achalasia.

The set consisting of 3 patients with esophageal achalasia diagnosed by manometry, pseudoachalasia excluded by esophagoscopy and endosonography, was treated with combined conservative procedure. Botulinum toxin 250u (Dysport) was applied to the area of lower esophageal sphincter and after 7 days balloon dilatation was carried out. Treatment efficacy was evaluated by the data obtained about the subjective condition, manometrically and endoscopically. The spine condition was evaluated in all patients before treatment and functional blockades were released by manual medicine and even by acupuncture. We succeeded in restoring propulsive peristalsis of the esophagus in all of them. It is objectively proven in the longest duration of 44 months in the case of a patient treated with a balloon dilatation.

[Is complex therapy of achalasia using botulinum toxin combined with balloon dilatation an effective approach?]. / Je komplexní terapie achalasie aplikací botulotoxinu v kombinaci s balonkovou dilatací perspektivním postupem?

BACKGROUND: Achalasia (ACHL) is not a very frequent disease and its etiology is still unclear. In addition to the oldest therapeutical approach represented by myotomy, two conservative methods are commonly used--balloon dilatation and application of botulotoxin. So far, both methods have been used only separately, and their effects have been compared. Literature provides no evidence of the renewal of oesophageal propulsive peristalsis in result of conservative treatment. OBJECTIVES: The aim is to use both approaches subsequently within a short period of time, in order to potentiate their effects and at the same time to reduce the risk of possible complications. METHODS: The group was formed by 9 patients. Achalasia was diagnosed by flow manometry. Pseudoachalasia was excluded endoscopically and endosonographically. The treatment included application of 250 J of botulotoxin (Dysport) into the region of the lower oesophageal sphincter, and balloon dilatation which was applied 7 days later. Following this treatment, patients were observed for 24 hours. The clinical and manometric examinations were performed in 3-month intervals. RESULTS: All patients felt significantly better after treatment. The clinical state in two patients required the performance of Heller's myotomy. After 1 year, evident clinical and manometric improvement was observed in 7 patients. The longest improvement so far lasted for 36 months. The treatment has renewed the propulsive oesophageal peristalsis in two women. CONCLUSION: The treatment of primary achalasia by means of combining the application of botulotoxin (Dysport) and balloon dilatation is effective, and it is possible to assume that the clinical remission will last longer than that in result of separate use of just one of the methods. The synchronous treatment of functional blocks in the cervical and thoracic regions of the spine and continuous rehabilitation can participate in the favourable clinical effect. The renewal of primary peristalsis of the oesophagus was achieved in two out of 9 patients. No such change has been either manometrically verified or described in literature. (Fig. 5, Tab. 1, Ref. 39.)