ABSTRACT
An open issue still under investigation by several international entities working on the safety and security field for the foreseen nuclear fusion reactors is the estimation of source terms that are a hazard for the operators and public, and for the machine itself in terms of efficiency and integrity in case of severe accident scenarios. Source term estimation is a crucial key safety issue to be addressed in the future reactors safety assessments, and the estimates available at the time are not sufficiently satisfactory. The lack of neutronic data along with the insufficiently accurate methodologies used until now, calls for an integrated methodology for source term estimation that can provide predictions with an adequate accuracy. This work proposes a complete methodology to estimate dust source terms starting from a broad information gathering. The wide number of parameters that can influence dust source term production is reduced with statistical tools using a combination of screening, sensitivity analysis, and uncertainty analysis. Finally, a preliminary and simplified methodology for dust source term production prediction for future devices is presented.
ABSTRACT
In this paper, a preliminary shadowgraph-based analysis of dust particles re-suspension due to loss of vacuum accident (LOVA) in ITER-like nuclear fusion reactors has been presented. Dust particles are produced through different mechanisms in nuclear fusion devices, one of the main issues is that dust particles are capable of being re-suspended in case of events such as LOVA. Shadowgraph is based on an expanded collimated beam of light emitted by a laser or a lamp that emits light transversely compared to the flow field direction. In the STARDUST facility, the dust moves in the flow, and it causes variations of refractive index that can be detected by using a CCD camera. The STARDUST fast camera setup allows to detect and to track dust particles moving in the vessel and then to obtain information about the velocity field of dust mobilized. In particular, the acquired images are processed such that per each frame the moving dust particles are detected by applying a background subtraction technique based on the mixture of Gaussian algorithm. The obtained foreground masks are eventually filtered with morphological operations. Finally, a multi-object tracking algorithm is used to track the detected particles along the experiment. For each particle, a Kalman filter-based tracker is applied; the particles dynamic is described by taking into account position, velocity, and acceleration as state variable. The results demonstrate that it is possible to obtain dust particles' velocity field during LOVA by automatically processing the data obtained with the shadowgraph approach.
ABSTRACT
Refleja ciertas experiencias propias y ajenas en un tema vital para el desarrollo de los entes prestatarios de servicios sanitarios básicos, tal cual es el sistema tarifario, tanto sea en cuanto a su estructura y normatizaciones como a los niveles de precio. Uno de los objetivos del trabajo es presentar técnicas tarifarias actuales en el contexto amplio en el que se aplican. Se ocupa de agua y desag³e cloacal, sector atrasado con respecto a otros en lo que se refiere a tarifas. Incluye tres anexos con información complementaria
Subject(s)
Water Consumption (Environmental Health) , Water Supply Enterprises , Sanitation Services TariffsABSTRACT
Refleja ciertas experiencias propias y ajenas en un tema vital para el desarrollo de los entes prestatarios de servicios sanitarios básicos, tal cual es el sistema tarifario, tanto sea en cuanto a su estructura y normatizaciones como a los niveles de precio. Uno de los objetivos del trabajo es presentar técnicas tarifarias actuales en el contexto amplio en el que se aplican. Se ocupa de agua y desag³e cloacal, sector atrasado con respecto a otros en lo que se refiere a tarifas. Incluye tres anexos con información complementaria
