Ultrasound evaluation of a new surface reference line to describe sural nerve location and safe zones to consider in posterior leg approaches.

PURPOSE: Several authors have described methods to predict the sural nerve pathway with non-proportional numerical distances, but none have proposed a person-proportional, reproducible method with anatomical references. The aim of this research is to describe ultrasonographically the distance and crossing zone between a surface reference line and the position of the sural nerve. METHODS: Descriptive cross-sectional study, performed between January and April 2022 in patients requiring foot surgery who met inclusion criteria. The sural nerve course in the posterior leg was located and marked using ultrasound. Landmarks were drawn with a straight line from the medial femoral condyle to the tip of the fibula. Four equal zones were established in the leg by subdividing the distal half of the line. This way, areas based on simple anatomical proportions for each patient were studied. The distance between the marking and the ultrasound nerve position was measured in these 4 zones, creating intersection points and safety areas. Location and distances from the sural nerve to the proposed landmarks were assessed. RESULTS: One-hundred and four lower limbs, 52 left and 52 right, assessed in 52 patients were included. The shortest median distance of the nerve passage was 2.9 mm from Point 2. The sural nerve intersection was 60/104 (57.7%) in Zone B, 21/104 (20.1%) in Zone C and 19/104 (18.3%) in Zone A. Safety zones were established. Average 80.5% of coincidence in sural nerve localization was found in the distal half of the leg, in relation to the surface reference line when comparing both legs of each patient. CONCLUSIONS: This study proposes a simple, reproducible, non-invasive and, for the first time, person-proportional method, that describes the distance and location of the main areas of intersection of the sural nerve with points and zones (risk and safe zones) determined by a line guided by superficial anatomical landmarks. Its application when surgeons plan and perform posterior leg approaches will help to avoid iatrogenic nerve injuries. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: IV.

Mycobacterium marinum osteomyelitis of the first metatarsal.

Mycobacterium marinum (MM) infections secondary to injuries occurring in the aquatic environment have been widely described in literature, especially in immunosuppressed patients. The most frequent locations are the hands and forearms in patients exposed to water. The infection usually presents as a granuloma affecting superficial structures. However, due to the difficulty of diagnosis and the chronic course of the condition, deeper structures may eventually become affected. Late presentation of deep-seated infections in bones in the foot is exceptional. We report a case of osteomyelitis of the first metatarsal bone caused by MM after accidental puncture injury by a sea urchin requiring surgical treatment in a not immunosuppressed patient.