Eight-Year-Old Male With Primary Amebic Meningoencephalitis.

Naegleria fowleri is a thermophilic free-living amoeba that is found in warm, fresh water and causes primary amebic meningoencephalitis (PAM). The following report demonstrates the rapid and destructive clinical features of PAM in an 8-year-old male who presented with severe headaches approximately 12 days after swimming in a hot spring.

A 5-year study of the performance of the Verigene Gram-positive blood culture panel in a pediatric hospital.

High accuracy of direct from positive blood culture molecular panels is imperative, particularly for the detection of resistance determinants as it allows for antimicrobial optimization prior to conventional susceptibility testing. In this study, we provide extensive data since implementation of the Verigene Gram-positive blood culture panel (BC-GP) in 2013. Within 5 years, 1636 blood culture bottles positive for a Gram-positive organism were tested on the BC-GP panel. The BC-GP panel identified 1520 Gram-positive organisms in 1636 (92.9%) blood cultures tested. For positive blood cultures, we observed 96.4% (806/834) concordance to the species level. Compared with conventional antimicrobial susceptibility testing, the positive percent agreement (PPA) of methicillin-resistant SA (MRSA) (50) and methicillin-resistant SE (MRSE) (365) was 100%. The mecA gene was detected in two methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) and one methicillin-susceptible S. epidermidis (MSSE) with a negative percent agreement (NPA) of 99.1% (221/223) and 99.2% (120/121), respectively. The PPA and NPA for vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium (VRE) was 100%. The BC-GP panel demonstrated excellent performance and clinicians can confidently de-escalate antimicrobial therapy in the absence of mecA and vanA/B gene.

Molecular and clinical diagnosis of group A streptococcal pharyngitis in children.

Group A Streptococcus (GAS) pharyngitis is a very common condition causing significant morbidity in children. Accurate diagnosis followed by appropriate antimicrobial therapy is recommended to prevent postinfectious sequelae. Diagnosis of GAS pharyngitis by a rapid antigen detection test (RADT) or culture in the absence of discriminating clinical findings remains challenging. Validation of new sensitive rapid diagnostic tests is therefore a priority. The performance of a loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay (illumigene assay) for the diagnosis of GAS pharyngitis was compared with that of a RADT and standard culture in 361 pediatric throat swab samples. Discrepant results were resolved using an alternate molecular assay. Test results were correlated with clinical presentations in patients positive by either method. The closest estimate of the true prevalence of GAS pharyngitis was 19.7% (71/361 samples). The illumigene assay alone detected 70/71 GAS-positive samples; RADT and culture detected 35/71 and 55/71 samples, respectively. RADT followed by culture confirmation of RADT-negative specimens detected 58/71 cases. The illumigene assay increased identification among children eligible for testing by American College of Physicians (ACP)/American Academy of Family Physicians (AAFP) criteria from 31 to 39 positive cases, five of which were false positives. Analysis of clinical data in GAS-positive patients indicated that a significantly greater proportion of children with McIsaac scores of ≥ 4 tested positive by the illumigene assay versus RADT and culture. Overall, the illumigene assay was much more sensitive and was similarly specific for GAS detection, compared to culture alone, RADT alone, or the ACP/AAFP RADT/culture algorithm. Combining high sensitivity with rapidly available results, the illumigene GAS assay is an appropriate alternative to culture for the laboratory diagnosis of GAS pharyngitis in patients for whom testing is clinically indicated.

Performance of the Verigene Gram-positive blood culture assay for direct detection of Gram-positive organisms and resistance markers in a pediatric hospital.

The performance characteristics of the Verigene Gram-positive blood culture (BC-GP) assay were evaluated in pediatric patients. Concordance of the BC-GP assay was 95.8%, with significant decreases in turnaround time for identification and resistance detection. BC-GP is highly accurate and can be integrated into the routine workflow of the microbiology laboratory.

Revisión de la relación existente entre la exposición ocupacional al formaldehído y leucemia / Review relationship between occupational exposure to formaldehyde and leukemia

Introducción: El formaldehído es un cancerígeno conocido, su relación con un aumento del riesgo de leucemia en exposición ocupacional continua en debate a pesar de los diversos estudios realizados. Presentamos una revisión bibliográfica cuyo objetivo es conocer el nivel de evidencia existente entre la posible relación causal de la exposición laboral al formaldehído y la aparición de leucemia, mediante el análisis sistemático de la producción científica publicada entre los años 2008 y 2012. Metodología: Se realizó una búsqueda bibliográfica en las bases de datos Medline, IBECS, LILACS, CROCHRANE, OSH UPDATE, CISDOC, WEB OF KNOWLEDGE y SCOPUS, utilizando una estrategia de búsqueda a partir de términos "MeSH". Se obtuvieron un total 302 artículos de los que finalmente se seleccionaron 7 que cumplían los requisitos establecidos. De ellos, 4 eran metaanálisis, 2 estudios de casos y controles, 1 estudio de cohortes. Para la asignación del nivel de evidencia se utilizaron los criterios de la Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network (SIGN). Resultados: Se han encontrado riesgos elevados para los niveles de máxima exposición y también datos de mortalidad estadísticamente significativa para leucemia mieloide con aumento del número de años de prácticas de embalsamamiento. Tres metaanálisis aportan RR altos para leucemia mieloide. Un cuarto metaanálisis al excluir los estudios de mortalidad proporcional obtiene que los resultados basados en cohortes y estudios caso-control no sugieren una asociación entre exposición al formaldehído y leucemia. Discusión: Los estudios disponibles presentan limitaciones que no hacen posible establecer niveles de evidencia suficientes que confirmen la relación concluyente entre exposición a formaldehído y aparición de leucemias en trabajadores. Nuestra revisión bibliográfica contiene estudios heterogéneos en diferentes poblaciones donde hemos encontrado valores de asociación (RR, OR) superiores a 1 en algunos estudios y hallazgos de alteraciones cromosómicas en personas expuestas en el ámbito laboral. Estos datos constituyen una base interesante para investigaciones futuras donde la utilización de biomarcadores de dosis interna acumulada (Aductos ADN-Formaldehído, Glutatión-lesión de ADN inducida por formaldehído) podrán verificar mejor esta asociación (AU)

Background: Formaldehyde is a known carcinogen, its relationship to an increased risk of leukemia in occupational exposure continues being debated despite several studies. We present a literature review which aim is to know the level of evidence between the possible causal relationship of occupational exposure to formaldehyde and the development of leukemia, through the systematic analysis of the scientific production published from 2008 to 2012. Methods: We performed a literature search in the databases Medline, IBECS, LILACS, CROCHRANE, OSH UPDATE, CISDOC, WEB OF KNOWLEDGE and SCOPUS, using a search strategy based on terms "MeSH". We obtained a total of 302 items, finally it were selected 7 that met all the requirements. Of these, 4 were meta-analyzes, two case-control studies and 1 cohort study. To assign the level of evidence we used the criteria of the Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network (SIGN). Results: We found elevated risks for high levels of exposure and mortality data also statistically significant for myeloid leukemia with increased number of years of embalming practices. Three meta-analyzes provide high RR for myeloid leukemia. A fourth meta-analysis by excluding proportional mortality studies that the results obtained based on cohort and case-control studies do not suggest an association between formaldehyde exposure and leukemia. Discussion: The available studies have limitations that do not make it possible to establish sufficient levels of evidence confirming the conclusive relationship between formaldehyde exposure and the development of leukemia in workers. Our literature review contains heterogeneous studies in different populations; we found values of association (RR, OR) greater than 1 in some studies and findings of chromosomal abnormalities in exposed individuals at the workplace. These data provide an interesting basis for future research about the use of accumulated internal dose biomarkers (DNA-formaldehyde adducts, Glutathione-induced DNA by formaldehyde) can better verify this association (AU)