Field assessment of active BSE: Trends over test days of subjective indicators and self-reported fatigue for railway construction workers.

The research community has conducted several controlled "in -lab" assessments on the effectiveness of industrial exoskeletons, paving the way for their adoption. However, field testing, focusing on ergonomics and the user experience, could serve to enhance both end-users' awareness and address open doubts concerning true effectiveness of industrial exoskeletons. This study presents an analysis of qualitative data regarding the use of back-support exoskeletons during field trials in harsh civil engineering environments. This work evaluates the StreamEXO's (an active back-support exoskeleton) efficacy in reducing fatigue and the evolution of its perceived usefulness. This is achieved using qualitative data collection tools, during real scenarios testing over multiple-day trials. Collected data shows a positive correlation between self-reported fatigue, measured on a four verbal anchors-based Borg CR10 scale, and the use of the exoskeleton during physically demanding movements. Moreover, the evolution of scores throughout the testing sessions (90 minutes of exoskeleton use for three nonconsecutive days) suggests a trend due to the adaptation and learning curve of workers during the exoskeleton experience. The analysis of the open-ended answers highlights that the adaptation to physical interaction has a negative oscillation on day two to rise back during the third day, possibly correlated to a change in muscle pattern. The main critical factors affecting comfort during the exoskeleton experience are weight balance, body pressure, and thermal comfort, which can strongly affect device acceptance.

Dynamic and Static Assistive Strategies for a Tailored Occupational Back-Support Exoskeleton: Assessment on Real Tasks Carried Out by Railway Workers.

This study on occupational back-support exoskeletons performs a laboratory evaluation of realistic tasks with expert workers from the railway sector. Workers performed both a static task and a dynamic task, each involving manual material handling (MMH) and manipulating loads of 20 kg, in three conditions: without an exoskeleton, with a commercially available passive exoskeleton (Laevo v2.56), and with the StreamEXO, an active back-support exoskeleton developed by our institute. Two control strategies were defined, one for dynamic tasks and one for static tasks, with the latter determining the upper body's gravity compensation through the Model-based Gravity Compensation (MB-Grav) approach. This work presents a comparative assessment of the performance of active back support exoskeletons versus passive exoskeletons when trialled in relevant and realistic tasks. After a lab characterization of the MB-Grav strategy, the experimental assessment compared two back-support exoskeletons, one active and one passive. The results showed that while both devices were able to reduce back muscle activation, the benefits of the active device were triple those of the passive system regarding back muscle activation (26% and 33% against 9% and 11%, respectively), while the passive exoskeleton hindered trunk mobility more than the active mechanism.

Versatile and non-versatile occupational back-support exoskeletons: A comparison in laboratory and field studies.

Assistive strategies for occupational back-support exoskeletons have focused, mostly, on lifting tasks. However, in occupational scenarios, it is important to account not only for lifting but also for other activities. This can be done exploiting human activity recognition algorithms that can identify which task the user is performing and trigger the appropriate assistive strategy. We refer to this ability as exoskeleton versatility. To evaluate versatility, we propose to focus both on the ability of the device to reduce muscle activation (efficacy) and on its interaction with the user (dynamic fit). To this end, we performed an experimental study involving healthy subjects replicating the working activities of a manufacturing plant. To compare versatile and non-versatile exoskeletons, our device, XoTrunk, was controlled with two different strategies. Correspondingly, we collected muscle activity, kinematic variables and users' subjective feedbacks. Also, we evaluated the task recognition performance of the device. The results show that XoTrunk is capable of reducing muscle activation by up to in lifting and in carrying. However, the non-versatile control strategy hindered the users' natural gait (e.g., reduction of hip flexion), which could potentially lower the exoskeleton acceptance. Detecting carrying activities and adapting the control strategy, resulted in a more natural gait (e.g., increase of hip flexion). The classifier analyzed in this work, showed promising performance (online accuracy > 91%). Finally, we conducted 9 hours of field testing, involving four users. Initial subjective feedbacks on the exoskeleton versatility, are presented at the end of this work.

Actuation Selection for Assistive Exoskeletons: Matching Capabilities to Task Requirements.

Selecting actuators for assistive exoskeletons involves decisions in which designers usually face contrasting requirements. While certain choices may depend on the application context or design philosophy, it is generally desirable to avoid oversizing actuators in order to obtain more lightweight and transparent systems, ultimately promoting the adoption of a given device. In many cases, the torque and power requirements can be relaxed by exploiting the contribution of an elastic element acting in mechanical parallel. This contribution considers one such case and introduces a methodology for the evaluation of different actuator choices resulting from the combination of different motors, reduction gears, and parallel stiffness profiles, helping to match actuator capabilities to the task requirements. Such methodology is based on a graphical tool showing how different design choices affect the actuator as a whole. To illustrate the approach, a back-support exoskeleton for lifting tasks is considered as a case study.

Applicability of an Active Back-Support Exoskeleton to Carrying Activities.

Occupational back-support exoskeletons are becoming a more and more common solution to mitigate work-related lower-back pain associated with lifting activities. In addition to lifting, there are many other tasks performed by workers, such as carrying, pushing, and pulling, that might benefit from the use of an exoskeleton. In this work, the impact that carrying has on lower-back loading compared to lifting and the need to select different assistive strategies based on the performed task are presented. This latter need is studied by using a control strategy that commands for constant torques. The results of the experimental campaign conducted on 9 subjects suggest that such a control strategy is beneficial for the back muscles (up to 12% reduction in overall lumbar activity), but constrains the legs (around 10% reduction in hip and knee ranges of motion). Task recognition and the design of specific controllers can be exploited by active and, partially, passive exoskeletons to enhance their versatility, i.e., the ability to adapt to different requirements.

Assessment of an On-board Classifier for Activity Recognition on an Active Back-Support Exoskeleton.

Despite the growing interest, the adoption of industrial exoskeletons may still be held back by technical limitations. To enhance versatility and promote adoption, one aspect of interest could be represented by the potential of active and quasi-passive devices to automatically distinguish different activities and adjust their assistive profiles accordingly. This contribution focuses on an active back-support exoskeleton and extends previous work proposing the use of a Support Vector Machine to classify walking, bending and standing. Thanks to the introduction of a new feature-forearm muscle activity-this study shows that it is possible to perform reliable online classification. As a consequence, the authors introduce a new hierarchically-structured controller for the exoskeleton under analysis.

Soft Smart Garments for Lower Limb Joint Position Analysis.

Revealing human movement requires lightweight, flexible systems capable of detecting mechanical parameters (like strain and pressure) while being worn comfortably by the user, and not interfering with his/her activity. In this work we address such multifaceted challenge with the development of smart garments for lower limb motion detection, like a textile kneepad and anklet in which soft sensors and readout electronics are embedded for retrieving movement of the specific joint. Stretchable capacitive sensors with a three-electrode configuration are built combining conductive textiles and elastomeric layers, and distributed around knee and ankle. Results show an excellent behavior in the ~30% strain range, hence the correlation between sensors' responses and the optically tracked Euler angles is allowed for basic lower limb movements. Bending during knee flexion/extension is detected, and it is discriminated from any external contact by implementing in real time a low computational algorithm. The smart anklet is designed to address joint motion detection in and off the sagittal plane. Ankle dorsi/plantar flexion, adduction/abduction, and rotation are retrieved. Both knee and ankle smart garments show a high accuracy in movement detection, with a RMSE less than 4° in the worst case.