ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Rapid increasing pharmaceutical spending on the one hand and limited budgets on the other hand are problems confronting health expenditure. Policymakers have realized that without the negative effect on quality of care, they can control pharmaceutical spending. METHODS: The study methodology involved a targeted review of the literature on cost containment policies, their implementation issues, advantages, and disadvantages. Then, all proposed strategies were investigated through interviewing insurance experts. Finally, these policies were prioritized with respect to their adherence to the main issues of performance. RESULTS: Considering implementation costs, durability, and feasibility, six policy options have been proposed as follows: stopping non-prescription medicine reimbursement, using a tiered-coinsurance mechanism, establishing prescription-guidelines, implementing cost-effectiveness-studies, employing scientific bargaining methods, and using different levels of reference pricing. CONCLUSIONS: Despite the possibility of some physicians' resistance, preparing prescription guidelines and their gradual enforcement is considered as the first choice. Next, it seems that reference pricing is the most feasible policy. It is in spite of some confusion and dissatisfaction, which might arise due to lack of knowledge and an increase in out-of-pocket expenses. Then, all pricing methods, including cost-effectiveness studies and internal and external reference pricing, should be used as negotiation leverage with pharmaceutical companies. Afterward, stopping non-prescription medicine reimbursement should be implemented by good media communication in view of its effects on a wide range of population. Finally, implementation of tiered-coinsurance mechanism should be considered with special attention to some inherent technical complexity.
Subject(s)
Drug Costs , Pharmaceutical Preparations , Cost Control , Health Policy , Insurance, Health , Insurance, Health, Reimbursement , Iran , PolicyABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: CKD is one of the most prevalent entities associated with high morbidity and mortality. Most of the patients with renal diseases, particularly patients undergoing dialysis, suffer from cardiovascular disease and it is necessary to employ appropriate strategies to prevent and manage this complication. The aim of this study was to evaluate the anti-inflammatory effects of omega-3 in patients undergoing CAPD. METHODS: Nineteen CAPD patients with certain inclusion and exclusion criteria enrolled in this study. Omega-3 capsules with a dose of 1 g/d up to three months, were administrated. Some inflammatory markers such as ESR, CRP, HS-CRP, IL-6, MDA, and homocysteine were measured in three phases. In addition, lipid profile including triglyceride, cholesterol, LDL, and HDL were measured. RESULTS: Results of this study showed that CRP, HS-CRP, and homocysteine levels increased insignificantly (P > .05) whereas, MDA level was increased significantly (P < .05). ESR and IL-6 levels both decreased but did not show any statistically significance (P > .05). Results of lipid profile also suggested that none of the lipid levels changed significantly (P > .05). CONCLUSION: It is necessary to design large trials in order to understand clear effects of omega-3 on inflammatory markers in PD patients. In addition, the results of this current pilot study should be interpreted with caution.
