Body adipose tissue depots and treatment outcomes for women with breast cancer: A systematic review.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Excessive adipose tissue is associated with poorer prognosis in women with breast cancer (BC). However, several body adiposity depots, such as visceral (VAT), subcutaneous (SAT), intermuscular (IMAT), and gluteofemoral adipose tissues (GFAT) may have heterogeneous metabolic roles and health effects in these patients. This systematic review aims to evaluate the impact of different body adipose tissue depots, assessed via computed tomography (CT), on treatment outcomes for women with BC. We hypothesize that distinct body adipose tissue depots may be associated differently with outcomes in patients with BC. METHODS: A comprehensive bibliographical search was conducted using PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, Scopus, and Web of Science databases (until January 2024). The methodological quality of the included studies was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. RESULTS: The final sample comprised 23 retrospective studies (n = 12,462), with fourteen presenting good quality. A lack of standardization in CT body adipose tissue depots measurement and outcome presentation precluded quantitative analysis. Furthermore, most included studies had heterogeneous clinical characteristics. Survival and treatment response were the most prevalent outcomes. VAT (n = 19) and SAT (n = 17) were the most frequently evaluated depots and their increase was associated with worse outcomes, mainly in terms of survival. IMAT (n = 4) presented contradictory findings and a higher GFAT (n = 1) was associated with better outcomes. CONCLUSION: This systematic review found an association between increased VAT and SAT with worse outcomes in patients with BC. However, due to the heterogeneity of the included studies, further research with homogeneous methodologies is necessary to better understand the impact of body adipose tissue depots on treatment outcomes. Such knowledge could lead to improved care for this patient population.

Assessing skeletal muscle radiodensity by computed tomography: An integrative review of the applied methodologies.

Low-radiodensity skeletal muscle has been related to the degree of muscle fat infiltration and seems to be associated with worse outcomes. The aim of this study was to summarize the methodologies used to appraise skeletal muscle radiodensity by computed tomography, to describe the terms used in the literature to define muscle radiodensity and to give recommendations for its measurement standardization. An integrative bibliographic review in four databases included studies published until August 2019 in Portuguese, English or Spanish and performed in humans, adults and/or the elderly, of both sex, which investigated skeletal muscle radiodensity through computed tomography (CT) of the region between the third and fifth lumbar vertebrae and evaluated at least two muscular groups. One hundred and seventeen studies were selected. We observed a trend towards selecting all abdominal region muscle. A significant methodological variation in terms of contrast use, selection of skeletal muscle areas, radiodensity ranges delimitation and their cut-off points, as well as the terminologies used, was also found. The methodological differences detected are probably due to the lack of more precise information about the correlation between skeletal muscle radiodensity by CT and its molecular composition, among others. Therefore, until the gaps are addressed in future studies, authors should avoid arbitrary approaches when reporting skeletal muscle radiodensity, especially when it comes to prognosis inference. Studies using both CT and direct methods of muscle composition evaluation are encouraged, to enable the definition and validation of the best approach to classify fat-infiltrated muscle tissue, which will favour the nomenclature uniformization.

Padrões alimentares e fatores associados em docentes de uma instituição privada de ensino superior / Dietary patterns and factors associated in teachers of a private institution of higher education

Resumo Introdução O padrão alimentar adotado pelos indivíduos parece estar relacionado a fatores sociodemográficos, hábitos de vida e parâmetros antropométricos, podendo refletir também nos desfechos de saúde deles. Objetivo Identificar padrões alimentares e verificar os fatores associados entre docentes do ensino superior. Método Estudo transversal com docentes de instituição privada de ensino superior do Sul do Brasil. Foi avaliado o consumo alimentar pelo Formulário de Marcadores de Consumo Alimentar e foram coletados dados sociodemográficos, alimentares, comportamentais e antropométricos. Foi feita análise fatorial de componentes principais para identificação dos padrões alimentares, e foram realizados os testes do qui-quadrado e de Regressão de Poisson para verificar a associação entre exposição e desfecho. Resultados Quatro padrões alimentares descreveram o consumo alimentar dos 250 indivíduos, sendo dois considerados saudáveis (saudável e proteico), constituídos por alimentos protetores à saúde, e dois classificados como mistos e de risco à saúde (ocidental e lanche), por apresentarem tanto alimentos saudáveis como alimentos marcadores de uma alimentação não saudável, com predomínio dos últimos. Docentes com características de estilo de vida saudável tiveram maior adesão aos padrões saudável e proteico e relação inversa com o ocidental. Aqueles com maior atuação nos cursos da área da saúde tiveram alta adesão ao padrão proteico. Conclusão A maior adesão de profissionais com aspectos positivos à saúde aos padrões alimentares saudáveis e a relação inversa ao padrão ocidental, provavelmente, relacionam-se ao perfil socioeconômico e demográfico, característico da população.

Abstract Background Dietary pattern adopted by individuals seems to be related to sociodemographic factors, lifestyle and anthropometric parameters, and it may also reflect their health outcomes. Objective To identify dietary patterns and verify the associated factors among higher education teachers. Method Cross-sectional study with teachers from a South Brazil higher education private institution was carried out. It was evaluated the food consumption by a Food Consumption Markers Form and were collected sociodemographic, food, behavioral and anthropometric data. Factorial analysis of major components was performed to identify dietary patterns, and chi-square test and Poisson Regression to verify the association between exposure and outcome. Results Four dietary patterns described the food consumption of the 250 individuals, being two considered healthy (healthy and protein), constituted by health protector foods, and two (Western and snack), classified as mixed and of health risk, because it present both healthy food as those markers of an unhealthy eating, with predominance of the last. Teachers with characteristics of healthy life style showed larger adherence to healthy and protein patterns, and inverse relation with the Western. Those with greater actuation at the health area courses had larger adherence to protein pattern. Conclusion The large adherence of those with positive health aspects to healthy dietary patterns and their inverse relation to the Western pattern, they are probably related to the socioeconomic and demographic profile, characteristic of the population.

Manejo Nutricional em Paciente com Metástase Gástrica de Câncer de Mama: um Relato de Caso / Nutritional Management in a Patient with Breast Cancer Metastasis to the Stomach: a Case Report / Manejo Nutricional en Paciente con Metástasis Gástrica del Cáncer de Mama: un Informe de Caso

Introdução: O surgimento de metástase gástrica oriunda de neoplasia da mama é raro. Entretanto, o suporte nutricional nesses casos é imprescindível, já que tumores gástricos estão relacionados a complicações nutricionais, favorecendo desfechos clínicos negativos. Relato do caso: Paciente com diagnóstico de adenocarcinoma de mama, com progressão para ossos, ovário e estômago, internada em razão das complicações clínicas. Apresentou perda de peso grave durante a internação, além de diagnóstico de risco de desnutrição pela avaliação subjetiva global produzida pelo paciente. Em virtude do quadro de odinofagia severa, a alimentação via oral tornou-se impossibilitada, sendo optado pelo uso de sonda nasoentérica após discussão com equipe interdisciplinar. Conclusão: A terapia nutricional em pacientes com câncer avançado ainda é um dilema entre os profissionais e sua execução deve ser discutida e decidida por uma equipe interdisciplinar, com participação indispensável do nutricionista, do paciente e de seus familiares. Para isso, os serviços de saúde devem estar preparados para o correto manejo da conduta nutricional, a fim de promover qualidade de vida para esses pacientes.

Introduction: It is uncommon for breast cancer to metastasize to the stomach. However, when it does occur, nutritional support is indispensable, because gastric tumors are associated with nutritional complications, which worsen clinical outcomes. Case report: We report the case of a female patient diagnosed with breast adenocarcinoma that had metastasized to the bones, ovary, and stomach, who was hospitalized because of clinical complications. During hospitalization, she presented severe weight loss and was classified as being at nutritional risk, as determined by the Patient-Generated Subjective Global Assessment. Due to severe odynophagia, oral intake was not possible. Therefore, after consultation with the multidisciplinary team, the decision was made to insert a nasogastric tube. Conclusion: Nutritional therapy in patients with advanced cancer still constitutes a dilemma facing professionals and needs to be discussed by a multidisciplinary team, the participation of the nutritionist, patient, and family being indispensable. Therefore, health care services must be prepared to manage nutritional therapy correctly, in order to promote better quality of life for such patients.

Introducción: El surgimiento de metástasis gástrica proveniente de neoplasia de mama es raro. Sin embargo, el soporte nutricional en estos casos es imprescindible, ya que los tumores gástricos están relacionados a complicaciones nutricionales, favoreciendo los resultados clínicos negativos. Informe de caso: Paciente con diagnóstico de adenocarcinoma de mama, con progresión para huesos, ovario y estómago, internada debido a complicaciones clínicas. Se presentó una pérdida de peso grave durante la internación, además de diagnóstico de riesgo de desnutrición por la evaluación subjetiva global producida por el paciente. Debido a un cuadro de odinofagia severa, la alimentación oral se volvió imposibilitada, siendo optado por el uso de sonda nasoentérica después de la discusión con el equipo interdisciplinario. Conclusión: La terapia nutricional en pacientes con cáncer avanzado sigue siendo un dilema entre los profesionales y su ejecución debe ser discutida y decidida por un equipo interdisciplinario, con participación indispensable del nutricionista, del paciente y de sus familiares. Para ello, los servicios de salud deben estar preparados para el correcto manejo de la co

Impacto do tratamento do câncer sobre o estado nutricional de pacientes oncológicos: atualização da literatura / The impact of cancer treatment on the nutritional status of oncological patients: a literature update

Objetivo: O intuito deste estudo foi revisar as possíveis alterações nutricionais decorrentes do tratamento oncológicoem indivíduos adultos. Materiais e métodos: Realizou-se umarevisão bibliográfica narrativa nas bases de dados do Lilacse Scielo, bem como em livros científicos e sites de órgãospúblicos da área da saúde, utilizando como palavras chavesos termos “câncer de mama”, “tratamento do câncer demama”, “estado nutricional”, “hormonioterapia”, entre outras.Foram encontrados 28 trabalhos relevantes sobre o assuntoentre revisões, consensos, artigos originais e relatos.Resultados: A partir dessa revisão, observamos quepacientes oncológicos comumente desenvolvem alteraçõesmetabólicas devido à presença de células malignas, tendo seu quadro clínico classificado como de risco nutricional. Ao corrência de desnutrição é frequente e depende da idadedo paciente, estágio tumoral, presença de metástase, tipo detratamento oncológico aplicado, entre outros. Por outro lado,algumas evidências relatam ganho de peso nesses pacientes,o qual parece estar diretamente relacionado ao tratamentoantineoplásico, o qual poderia levar ao aumento de apetite eretenção hídrica. Conclusão: As evidências apontam para a necessidade de controle do estado nutricional de pacientesoncológicos, e a antecipada intervenção dietética nessescasos.

Objective: To review the possible nutritional alterationsresulting from oncological treatment in adults individuals. Material and methods: Bibliographical searches wereperformed in Lilacs and Scielo databases, as well as inscientific books and public health websites. The keywords“breast cancer”, “treatment of breast cancer,” “nutritionalstatus”, “hormone therapy”, and others, were used. A total of 28 relevant studies were found, including reviews,consensus, original articles and case reports. Results: Inthis review, we observed that oncological patients commonlydevelop metabolic changes due to the presence of malignantcells, and their clinical condition is classified as at nutritional risk. The occurrence of malnutrition is frequent and dependson patient age, tumor stage, presence of metastasis, type of cancer treatment, among others. On the other hand, someevidence has indicated weight gain in oncological patients, which appears to be directly related to the antineoplastictreatment. This therapy could lead to increased appetite andhydric retention. Conclusion: These findings highlight the need for monitoring the nutritional status of oncologicalpatients and setting up early dietary intervention in suchcases.