Pyknodysostosis: oral findings and differential diagnosis.

Pyknodysostosis is a rare, genetic, autosomal recessive condition characterized by short stature, generalized bone sclerosis, and oral manifestations such as maxillary atresia and an increase of the mandibular angle. The main purpose of this article was to report a case of pyknodysostosis, describing the characteristic orofacial findings of the disease and discussing the differential diagnosis.

Cariogenic and erosive potential of the medication used by HIV-infected children: pH and sugar concentration.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this work was to analyze pH and sugar concentration in seven antiretroviral and three antibacterial medications frequently prescribed to HIV infected paediatric patients. METHOD: Sugars (sucrose, glucose, lactose and fructose) and pH were measured from every one of ten medications with different serial numbers in two samples. The pH was determined by a previously calibrated digital pHmeter (Beckman). Analysis of free sugars was performed using thin-layer chromatography (TLC). The pH results and the amount of sugar originated from the two samples in each lot were added. The arithmetic mean of these results were computed. RESULTS: Two antiretrovirals (Zidovudin and Abacavir Sulphate) had pH below critical level (3.55 and 3.93, respectively). All three antibacterials analyzed had pH above 5.5, and one of them (Azithromycin) had the highest pH level of the ten medications examined (9.28). Sugar was present in seven out of 10 of the medications analyzed. The antibacterials contained the highest concentration of sucrose, ranging from 40% to 54%. Glucose was found in one of the ten, sucrose was present in seven of them and none showed lactose. Fructose was not observed with the technique used. CONCLUSIONS: A number of medications frequently used by HIV-infected children may cause a significant risk of both caries and dental erosion.

Sweetened medicines and hospitalization: caries risk factors in children with and without special needs.

AIM: This was to evaluate caries risk factors: medicine consumption level, oral hygiene frequency and oral hygiene habits during hospitalization of children with and without special needs. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was carried out using a pre-tested form, interviews were conducted with guardians of children with (G1-116) and without special needs (G2-86), from a public day nursery in Rio de Janeiro (Brazil). RESULTS: Average use of medications was at 21.8 months for G1--24.5 and G2--7.2 (Mann-Whitney: p-value = 0.0009). In the total sample, medicines were taken usually at night; 8.4% of parents sweetened them before ingestion and the majority of children did not brush their teeth after taking medicines. More than half (61.9%) had been hospitalized with an average duration of 21.8 days; 83 (66.4%) had had few hospitalizations; G1--62.8% and G2--77.4%. Some 81.6% of the sample reported no tooth brushing while in hospital. STATISTICS: The data were entered in the EPI INFO 6.04d program, and the tests used were Fisher Exact, Mann-Whitney, Kruskal-Wallis and Chi-square with a 5% significance level. CONCLUSIONS: Poor oral hygiene habits when taking medicines and during hospitalizations were observed, mainly among children with special needs.