ABSTRACT
Biosecurity is a major concern in the global pig production. The separation in time of semen collection, processing and insemination in the pig farm is a few days for chilled semen but it can be indefinite when using cryopreserved semen. Field fertility results of boar cryopreserved semen are close to chilled semen, which makes it a valuable resource for the establishment of semen genebanks, long-distance semen trade, and the implementation of other technologies such as the sex-sorted semen. But cryopreserved semen is far from being routine in pig farms. The most recent research efforts to facilitate its implementation include the use of additives before freezing, or in the thawing extender. Long-term preserved semen trade is a biosecurity challenge. To harmonize international trade of germplasm, the World Organization of Animal Health (WOAH) established a regulatory framework for all member countries. The present paper aims to review the latest advances of boar semen cryopreservation with special focus on the benefits of its inclusion as a routine tool in the pig industry. We also review recently reported field fertility results of cryopreserved semen, its international trade compared to chilled semen, and the regulatory framework involved. Boar cryopreserved semen is a valuable tool to control biosecurity risk, implement other technologies, and facilitate international trade. Research already demonstrated good field fertility results, but it still represents less than 0.1â¯% of the international trade. As boar cryopreserved semen gets closer to implementation, the correspondent authorities are reviewing the trade rules.
ABSTRACT
Presenta los aspectos generales de las Empresas de Agua Potable y Alcantarillado de Bolivia, situación, evaluación y diagnóstico, indicando los nuevos proyectos y necesidades de SEMAPA, SAMAPA, SAGUAPAC, ELAPAS, SELA, AAPOS, AROS - Tarija y AROS - Beni. Identifica los problemas comunes, además del desarrollo y fortalecimiento institucional. En la segunda parte contiene los formularios de información básica de cada una de las Empresas
Subject(s)
Water Supply EnterprisesABSTRACT
El proposito del presente trabajo ha sido presentar metodos de diseño estructral, metodos de diseño para evitar la corrosion continua, provocada por los sulfuros que se encuentran en las aguas servidas, consideraciones importntes en cuanto se refiere a la elaboración del tubo, el cual debe cumplir las pruebas requeridas para su aceptacion. Para efectos de diseño es necesasrio una clara diferenciacion de las distintas tuberias de acuerdo al grado de rigidez. Para las estructuras de concreto la clasificacion depende del espesor y diametro del tubo.
