ABSTRACT
Melanoma, the deadliest type of skin cancer, has a high propensity to metastasize to other organs, including the brain, lymph nodes, lungs, and bones. While progress has been made in managing melanoma with targeted and immune therapies, many patients do not benefit from these current treatment modalities. Tumor cell migration is the initial step for invasion and metastasis. A better understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying metastasis is crucial for developing therapeutic strategies for metastatic diseases, including melanoma. The cell adhesion molecule L1CAM (CD171, in short L1) is upregulated in many human cancers, enhancing tumor cell migration. Earlier studies showed that the small-molecule antagonistic mimetics of L1 suppress glioblastoma cell migration in vitro. This study aims to evaluate if L1 mimetic antagonists can inhibit melanoma cell migration in vitro and in vivo. We showed that two antagonistic mimetics of L1, anagrelide and 2-hydroxy-5-fluoropyrimidine (2H5F), reduced melanoma cell migration in vitro. In in vivo allograft studies, only 2H5F-treated female mice showed a decrease in tumor volume.
Subject(s)
Cell Movement , Melanoma , Neural Cell Adhesion Molecule L1 , Cell Movement/drug effects , Animals , Humans , Melanoma/drug therapy , Melanoma/metabolism , Melanoma/pathology , Mice , Neural Cell Adhesion Molecule L1/metabolism , Cell Line, Tumor , Female , Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays , Skin Neoplasms/pathology , Skin Neoplasms/drug therapy , Skin Neoplasms/metabolism , Pyrimidines/pharmacologyABSTRACT
Cancer is the second leading cause of death, and incidences are increasing globally. Simply defined, cancer is the uncontrolled proliferation of a cell, and depending on the tissue of origin, the cancer etiology, biology, progression, prognosis, and treatment will differ. Carcinogenesis and its progression are associated with genetic factors that can either be inherited and/or acquired and are classified as an oncogene or tumor suppressor. Many of these genetic factors converge on common signaling pathway(s), such as the MAPK and PI3K/AKT pathways. In this review, we will focus on the metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR) family, an upstream protein that transmits extracellular signals into the cell and has been shown to regulate many aspects of tumor development and progression. We explore the involvement of members of this receptor family in various cancers that include breast cancer, colorectal cancer, glioma, kidney cancer, melanoma, oral cancer, osteosarcoma, pancreatic cancer, prostate cancer, and T-cell cancers. Intriguingly, depending on the member, mGluRs can either be classified as oncogenes or tumor suppressors, although in general most act as an oncogene. The extensive work done to elucidate the role of mGluRs in various cancers suggests that it might be a viable strategy to therapeutically target glutamatergic signaling.
