ABSTRACT
Gabriel Pompozzi and Sofía Copperi (2018) The family Nemesiidae is the second most diverse family of Mygalomorphae spiders. Acanthogonatus centralis (Nemesiidae) is commonly found in hilly areas of central Argentina. These spiders are considered generalists due to their basal position in the phylogeny, but little is known about the trophic ecology of the species. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to study some of the species' predatory traits, such as feeding frequency and prey acceptance, and to assess its natural diet. In addition, two parameters - attack latency and consumption time - were measured for each accepted prey. We found that A. centralis feeds every two days and accepts almost all prey offered. The most accepted prey items were beetle larvae and termites. In fact, termites were attacked faster than any other prey, suggesting they are a suitable prey for these spiders. In regard to the species' natural diet, we found remains of seven prey items, ants and beetles being the most frequent. In this study, we found that Acanthogonatus centralis is polyphagous since it accepts different kinds of prey.
ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Calathotarsus simoni Schiapelli & Gerschman 1975 is the only species of Migidae in Argentina. It is a rare and endemic spider only found in relict grassland of mountain systems in the province of Buenos Aires. This species is a habitat specialist spider occupying specific areas with certain microclimatic conditions on hilly and rocky grassland areas at about 500-1500 meters above sea level. NEW INFORMATION: The observed extent of occurrence (EOO) is 7207 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 16 km2. Two locations are identified based on the threat event related to the invasion of the species habitat by alien woody plants. In addition, intensive cattle production and agriculture also constitute relevant threats to the species.
ABSTRACT
Three species of the genus Allocosa Banks, 1900 from southern South America are redescribed: Allocosa alticeps (Mello-Leitão, 1944), A. brasiliensis (Petrunkevitch, 1910) and A. senex (Mello-Leitão, 1945). The female of A. senex is described for the first time and the species is revalidated. A new species, A. marindia sp. nov. from southern Uruguay and southern Brazil is described. The new species is distinguished by the flattened terminal apophysis of the male bulb and the conspicuous pointed projections on the posterior margin of the female epigynum. The species inhabits in sandy estuarine and oceanic coasts with psammophile vegetation.
Subject(s)
Spiders/classification , Animal Distribution , Animal Structures/anatomy & histology , Animal Structures/growth & development , Animals , Body Size , Brazil , Female , Male , Organ Size , Spiders/anatomy & histology , Spiders/growth & development , UruguayABSTRACT
A new species of Losdolobus, L. nelsoni sp. nov., is described based on females and males collected from grasslands in the mountains of southern Buenos Aires province, Argentina. Additionally, the phenology of this new species is presented and some aspects of the biogeography and distribution of the genus are discussed.
Subject(s)
Spiders/classification , Animal Distribution , Animal Structures/anatomy & histology , Animal Structures/growth & development , Animals , Argentina , Body Size , Ecosystem , Female , Male , Organ Size , Spiders/anatomy & histology , Spiders/growth & developmentABSTRACT
The "Ernesto Tornquist" Provincial Park (ETPP) is located inside the Ventania system (Argentina) and was created to protect one of the last relicts of pampean grasslands. Even though many studies have looked at the vertebrate faunal diversity, biology, and conservation in this Park, few studies have been dedicated to arthropods. Among these, spiders have been used as ecological indicators to evaluate nature conservation status, nevertheless, basic information on their distribution and ecology is necessary for their use as indicator taxa in this region. Thus the goal of this study was to present the phenology and demography of the spider Odo bruchi, a cursorial spider present in the ETPP. For this, spiders were sampled bimonthly using pitfall traps between September 2009-2010 (first year), and March 2011-2012 (second year). A total of 10 traps were placed every 10m along a transect of 100m parallel to the longest axis ofa grassland slope with native vegetation. Traps were filled with 1 500mL of ethylene glycol, that were examined and refilled every 60 day period. We collected a total of 799 specimens in two years. Juveniles were the most abundant reaching 47.8% of the total, while males corresponded to 27.8% and females 24.4%. We found significant differences in the mean abundance of O. bruchi: the abundance during spring-summer (Nov-Dec-Jan-Feb) was significantly higher than the other periods of the two years period. Moreover, we found an even abundance distribution throughout the year in the entire study. This work represents one of the first contributions to the ecology of this spider family in the area. Also, our results comprise relevant information to encourage future studies on this spider species as a bio-indicator of the conservation status of pampean grasslands.
Subject(s)
Ecosystem , Poaceae , Spiders/classification , Animals , Argentina , Female , Male , Seasons , Spiders/physiologyABSTRACT
The “Ernesto Tornquist” Provincial Park (ETPP) is located inside the Ventania system (Argentina) and was created to protect one of the last relicts of pampean grasslands. Even though many studies have looked at the vertebrate faunal diversity, biology, and conservation in this Park, few studies have been dedicated to arthropods. Among these, spiders have been used as ecological indicators to evaluate nature conservation status, nevertheless, basic information on their distribution and ecology is necessary for their use as indicator taxa in this region. Thus the goal of this study was to present the phenology and demography of the spider Odo bruchi, a cursorial spider present in the ETPP. For this, spiders were sampled bimonthly using pitfall traps between September 2009-2010 (first year), and March 2011-2012 (second year). A total of 10 traps were placed every 10m along a transect of 100m parallel to the longest axis of a grassland slope with native vegetation. Traps were filled with 1 500mL of ethylene glycol, that were examined and refilled every 60 day period. We collected a total of 799 specimens in two years. Juveniles were the most abundant reaching 47.8% of the total, while males corresponded to 27.8% and females 24.4%. We found significant differences in the mean abundance of O. bruchi: the abundance during spring-summer (Nov-Dec-Jan-Feb) was significantly higher than the other periods of the two years period. Moreover, we found an even abundance distribution throughout the year in the entire study. This work represents one of the first contributions to the ecology of this spider family in the area. Also, our results comprise relevant information to encourage future studies on this spider species as a bio-indicator of the conservation status of pampean grasslands.
El Parque Provincial “Ernesto Tornquist” (PPET) se encuentra dentro del sistema de Ventania (Argentina) y fue creado para proteger uno de los últimos relictos de pastizal pampeano. Aunque se han realizado varios estudios sobre la diversidad, ecología y conservación de la fauna en este Parque, la mayoría se enfocaron en vertebrados, y solo unos pocos estudios se dedicaron a los artrópodos. Las arañas son utilizadas como indicadores ecológicos para evaluar el estado de conservación de los ecosistemas. Cuando se utilizan especies individuales es necesario contar con excelente información básica sobre su distribución y ecología para la elección del taxón indicado. Es por esto que el objetivo de este estudio es presentar la fenología y demografía de Odo bruchi Mello-Leitão 1938 (Zoridae), una araña cursorial que se encuentra en el PPET. Las arañas se capturaron bimestralmente utilizando trampas de caída entre Septiembre 2009-2010 (primer año) y Marzo 2011-2012 (segundo año). Las trampas se colocaron cada de 10m en un transecto de 100m paralelo al el eje más largo de la pendiente del pastizal. Cargamos las trampas con 1 500mL de etilenglicol y las examinamos y recargamos cada 60 días. Recolectamos 799 individuos en dos años. Los jóvenes fueron los más abundantes con un 47.8% del total, mientras que los machos correspondieron al 27.8% y las hembras al 24.4%. Encontramos diferencias significativas en la abundancia media de O. bruchi: la abundancia en primavera-verano (nov-dic-ene-feb) fue significativamente mayor que el resto de los períodos en los dos años estudiados. A su vez, encontramos una distribución similar de la abundancia a lo largo del año en todo el estudio. Este trabajo representa una de las primeras contribuciones a la ecología de esta familia de arañas. Además, los resultados obtenidos comprenden información relevante para fomentar estudios futuros sobre esta especie de araña como un posible bio-indicador del estado de conservación de los pastizales pampeanos.
Subject(s)
Animals , Female , Male , Ecosystem , Poaceae , Spiders/classification , Argentina , Seasons , Spiders/physiologyABSTRACT
The diversity, abundance, spatial distribution, and phenology of the mygalomorph spider community in the "Ernesto Tornquist" Strict Nature Reserve were analyzed in this study. Located in southwestern Buenos Aires, Argentina, the Reserve is representative of the Ventania system, which is a sigmoidal mountain belt 180 km in length. This exceptional hilly ecosystem is home for many endemic species and rich native fauna and flora. Spider abundance was sampled monthly from October 2009 to October 2010 by hand capture and pitfall traps on grassland slopes. The species recorded in the study area were: Actinopus sp.1 (Actinopodidae); Grammostola vachoni and Plesiopelma longisternale (Theraphosidae); Acanthogonatus centralis (Nemesiidae); and Mecicobothrium thorelli (Mecicobothriidae). Grammostola vachoni and Acanthogonatus centralis were the dominant species in hand capture and pitfall traps, respectively. The seasonal variation, diversity, and abundance of the mygalomorph community are analyzed and discussed here. The Mygalomorphae of the Ventania system comprises an important group of sedentary and cryptozoic spiders that seem to be highly dependent on habitat type and environmental factors.
