ABSTRACT
A SAR study on the tertiary alcohol series of phosphodiesterase-4 (PDE4) inhibitors related to 1 is described. In addition to inhibitory potency against PDE4 and the lipopolysaccharide-induced production of TNFalpha in human whole blood, the binding affinity of these compounds for the human ether-a-go-go related gene (hERG) potassium channel (an in vitro measure for the potential to cause QTc prolongation) was assessed. Four key structural moieties in the molecule were studied, and the impact of the resulting modifications in modulating these activities was evaluated. From these studies, (+)-3d (L-869,298) was identified as an optimized structure with respect to PDE4 inhibitory potency, lack of binding affinity to the hERG potassium channel, and pharmacokinetic behavior. (+)-3d exhibited good in vivo efficacy in several models of pulmonary function with a wide therapeutic index with respect to emesis and prolongation of the QTc interval.
Subject(s)
3',5'-Cyclic-AMP Phosphodiesterases/antagonists & inhibitors , Alcohols/chemical synthesis , Cyclic N-Oxides/chemical synthesis , Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors/chemical synthesis , Potassium Channels, Voltage-Gated , Potassium Channels/metabolism , Pyridines/chemical synthesis , Alcohols/pharmacokinetics , Alcohols/pharmacology , Alcohols/toxicity , Animals , Bronchoconstriction/drug effects , Crystallography, X-Ray , Cyclic N-Oxides/pharmacokinetics , Cyclic N-Oxides/pharmacology , Cyclic N-Oxides/toxicity , Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterases, Type 4 , Dogs , ERG1 Potassium Channel , Electrocardiography , Ether-A-Go-Go Potassium Channels , Guinea Pigs , Humans , In Vitro Techniques , Long QT Syndrome/chemically induced , Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors/pharmacokinetics , Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors/pharmacology , Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors/toxicity , Protein Binding , Pyridines/chemistry , Pyridines/pharmacokinetics , Pyridines/pharmacology , Pyridines/toxicity , Rats , Saimiri , Sheep , Stereoisomerism , Structure-Activity Relationship , Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/biosynthesis , Vomiting/chemically inducedABSTRACT
Phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) inhibitors elevate cyclic adenosine 5'-monophosphate (cAMP), and this elevation has been shown to inhibit inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha). Using TNF-alpha as a biomarker, we have developed transcription-based assays to examine inhibition of PDE4 activity in human and guinea pig whole blood. In vitro inhibition by PDE4 inhibitors was measured using quantitative PCR (qPCR) analysis of TNF-alpha mRNA levels in whole blood stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The kinetics of human TNF-alpha mRNA production were analyzed and shown to be highest 4 hr following LPS stimulation. The guinea pig displayed kinetics of TNF-alpha transcription similar to those of the human. Analysis of inhibition of human TNF-alpha protein production was performed by immunoassay and shown to correlate with inhibition of transcription for three of the four compounds tested. Roflumilast was found to be 9-fold more potent for TNF-alpha inhibition in the qPCR assay than in the protein assay. The potencies of L-826,141 and roflumilast were determined in human and guinea pig whole blood by qPCR, with IC(50) values of 270 and 20 nM, respectively, in humans and 100 and 10 nM, respectively, in guinea pigs. These results show that the potency of PDE4 inhibitors can be monitored in whole blood using a transcription-based assay, and that this type of assay can be adapted to various species provided the TNF-alpha nucleotide sequence is known. The in vitro whole blood IC(50) for TNF-alpha inhibition was compared to inhibition in the ovalbumin-challenged guinea pig model of bronchoconstriction. Obtaining plasma levels at the IC(50) determined in vitro for L-826,141 and roflumilast provides significant inhibition of bronchoconstriction. This suggests that TNF-alpha can be used as a whole blood biomarker in the guinea pig for PDE4 inhibition in this inflammatory model.
