ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: HIV/AIDS is generally associated with dyslipidemia and oxidative imbalance, which are caused by the infection itself and by antiretroviral therapy (ART). The flavonoids, found in cocoa and yerba mate, have antioxidant and hypolipidemic properties. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of the consumption of dark chocolate and mate tea on the lipid profiles of individuals with HIV/AIDS who are undergoing ART. METHODS: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover clinical trial was conducted with 92 patients receiving ART for ≥6 mo and with viral suppression. The participants were randomized to receive either 65 g of chocolate (with 2148 mg polyphenols) or placebo chocolate (without polyphenols) or 3 g of mate tea (with 107 mg total phenols and 84.24 mg chlorogenic acid) or placebo mate (without polyphenols) for 15 d each, separated by a washout period of 15 d. The lipid profile, including determination of electronegative low-density lipoprotein, was determined after each intervention. The data were analyzed by analysis of variance using the pkcross procedure of the Stata 11.0 software. RESULTS: Analysis of variance revealed a significant overall difference in mean high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) between all supplements (P = 0.047). Using the paired t test, the effect was attributed to the consumption of dark chocolate (P = 0.046). The other parameters investigated were not improved. CONCLUSIONS: The consumption of dark chocolate for 15 d improved HDL-C concentrations of individuals with HIV/AIDS undergoing ART, possibly due to the presence of fatty acids (stearic acid), polyphenols, and theobromine. This fact is important for the cardiovascular protection of these individuals.
Subject(s)
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/drug therapy , Anti-Retroviral Agents/adverse effects , Chocolate , HIV Infections/drug therapy , Ilex paraguariensis , Lipids/blood , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/blood , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/complications , Adult , Anti-Retroviral Agents/therapeutic use , Antioxidants/administration & dosage , Beverages , Chocolate/analysis , Cholesterol, HDL/blood , Cross-Over Studies , Double-Blind Method , Dyslipidemias/drug therapy , Dyslipidemias/etiology , Female , HIV Infections/blood , HIV Infections/complications , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Oxidative Stress/drug effects , Placebos , Plant Extracts/administration & dosage , Plant Leaves/chemistry , Polyphenols/administration & dosageABSTRACT
Flavonoids in cocoa and yerba mate have a beneficial role on inflammation and oxidative disorders. Their effect on HIV individuals has not been studied yet, despite the high cardiovascular risk of this population. This study investigated the role of cocoa and yerba mate consumption on oxidative and inflammatory biomarkers in HIV+ individuals. A cross-over, placebo-controlled, double-blind, randomized clinical trial was conducted in 92 individuals on antiretroviral therapy for at least six months and at viral suppression. Participants were randomized to receive either 65 g of chocolate or chocolate-placebo or 3 g of yerba mate or mate-placebo for 15 days each, alternating by a washout period of 15 days. At baseline, and at the end of each intervention regimen, data regarding anthropometry, inflammatory, oxidative and immunological parameters were collected. High-sensitivity C-reactive protein, fibrinogen, lipid profile, white blood cell profile and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances were assessed. There was a difference between mean concentrations of HDL-c (ANOVA; p ≤ 0.05) among the different regimens: dark chocolate, chocolate-placebo, yerba mate and mate-placebo. When a paired Student t-test was used for comparisons between mean HDL-c at baseline and after each regimen, the mean concentration of HDL-c was higher after supplementation with dark chocolate (p = 0.008).
Subject(s)
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/diet therapy , Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/therapeutic use , Antioxidants/therapeutic use , Cardiovascular Diseases/prevention & control , Chocolate , Flavonoids/therapeutic use , HIV Infections/diet therapy , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/blood , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/drug therapy , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/physiopathology , Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/analysis , Anti-Retroviral Agents/adverse effects , Anti-Retroviral Agents/therapeutic use , Antioxidants/analysis , Biomarkers/blood , Brazil/epidemiology , Candy/analysis , Cardiovascular Diseases/epidemiology , Cardiovascular Diseases/etiology , Cardiovascular Diseases/immunology , Chocolate/analysis , Combined Modality Therapy/adverse effects , Cross-Over Studies , Double-Blind Method , Female , Flavonoids/analysis , HIV Infections/blood , HIV Infections/drug therapy , HIV Infections/immunology , Humans , Ilex paraguariensis/chemistry , Inflammation Mediators/antagonists & inhibitors , Inflammation Mediators/blood , Male , Middle Aged , Oxidative Stress/drug effects , Risk , Teas, Herbal/analysisABSTRACT
As condições de vida em que um adolescente se desenvolve determinam suas escolhas e influenciam sua vida sexual. O presente estudo visou caracterizar o cotidiano e vida sexual de 108 adolescentes entre 11 e 15 anos de idade, residentes em Serra Pelada, município de Curionópolis, PA, através de análise quantitativa e qualitativa de dados, diferenciando-os quanto ao gênero. Os resultados mostraram a forte presença das relações de gênero em alguns casos. Foi encontrada alguma relação entre religião e vida sexual somente no sexo feminino, em que se observa que 58,5% delas eram adeptas a alguma religião e 66,7% não haviam iniciado a vida sexual aos 12 anos ou menos. Quando questionados se mantinham, ou não, relações sexuais enquanto namoravam, 93,6% das meninas afirmaram que não, enquanto 59,6% dos meninos disseram o mesmo, mostrando que as meninas evitam mais a relação sexual. A grande maioria das meninas afirmou ter feito uso de método para evitar filho na primeira relação, enquanto mais de 50% dos meninos afirmaram o contrário. Essa diferença reflete que a responsabilidade da contracepção é julgada como pertencente ao sexo feminino. Cerca de 70% das meninas afirmam ter a intenção de se casar com a pessoa com quem tem relação sexual atualmente, enquanto 60% dos meninos afirmam o contrário, o que mostra que as meninas se mostram mais receosas quanto a ter filho cedo, em relação aos garotos, e mostram-se mais abertas ao compromisso(AU)
The life conditions in which an adolescent develops determine his choices and influence his sexual life. The present study aimed to characterize the daily activities and sexual life of 108 adolescents aged between 11 and 15 years, living in Serra Pelada, a municipality of Curion¢polis, state of Par , through a quantitative and qualitative data analysis, distinguishing them according to gender. Results showed the strong presence of gender relations in some cases. Some relation was found between religion and sexual life only in the female sex: 58.5 percent of them followed some religion and 66.7 percent had not initiated sexual life at the age of 12 or below. When the adolescents were asked whether they had sexual intercourse with their boyfriends or girlfriends, 93.6 percent of the girls answered they did not, while 59.6 percent of the boys answered the same, showing that the girls avoid more the sexual intercourse. The great majority of the girls stated they used a contraceptive method in the first intercourse, while more than 50 percent of the boys said the opposite. This difference reveals that the responsibility for contraception is deemed as belonging to the female sex. Approximately 70 percent of the girls state they intend to marry the person with whom they are currently having sexual intercourse, while 60 percent of the boys say the opposite, which shows that the girls are more afraid to have children early, and more open to commitments.(AU)
ABSTRACT
As condições de vida em que um adolescente se desenvolve determinam suas escolhas e influenciam sua vida sexual. O presente estudo visou caracterizar o cotidiano e vida sexual de 108 adolescentes entre 11 e 15 anos de idade, residentes em Serra Pelada, município de Curionópolis, PA, através de análise quantitativa e qualitativa de dados, diferenciando-os quanto ao gênero. Os resultados mostraram a forte presença das relações de gênero em alguns casos. Foi encontrada alguma relação entre religião e vida sexual somente no sexo feminino, em que se observa que 58,5 porcento delas eram adeptas a alguma religião e 66,7 porcento não haviam iniciado a vida sexual aos 12 anos ou menos. Quando questionados se mantinham, ou não, relações sexuais enquanto namoravam, 93,6 porcento das meninas afirmaram que não, enquanto 59,6 porcento dos meninos disseram o mesmo, mostrando que as meninas evitam mais a relação sexual. A grande maioria das meninas afirmou ter feito uso de método para evitar filho na primeira relação, enquanto mais de 50 porcento dos meninos afirmaram o contrário. Essa diferença reflete que a responsabilidade da contracepção é julgada como pertencente ao sexo feminino. Cerca de 70 porcento das meninas afirmam ter a intenção de se casar com a pessoa com quem tem relação sexual atualmente, enquanto 60 porcento dos meninos afirmam o contrário, o que mostra que as meninas se mostram mais receosas quanto a ter filho cedo, em relação aos garotos, e mostram-se mais abertas ao compromisso.
The life conditions in which an adolescent develops determine his choices and influence his sexual life. The present study aimed to characterize the daily activities and sexual life of 108 adolescents aged between 11 and 15 years, living in Serra Pelada, a municipality of Curionópolis, state of Pará, through a quantitative and qualitative data analysis, distinguishing them according to gender. Results showed the strong presence of gender relations in some cases. Some relation was found between religion and sexual life only in the female sex: 58.5% of them followed some religion and 66.7% had not initiated sexual life at the age of 12 or below. When the adolescents were asked whether they had sexual intercourse with their boyfriends or girlfriends, 93.6% of the girls answered they did not, while 59.6% of the boys answered the same, showing that the girls avoid more the sexual intercourse. The great majority of the girls stated they used a contraceptive method in the first intercourse, while more than 50% of the boys said the opposite. This difference reveals that the responsibility for contraception is deemed as belonging to the female sex. Approximately 70% of the girls state they intend to marry the person with whom they are currently having sexual intercourse, while 60% of the boys say the opposite, which shows that the girls are more afraid to have children early, and more open to commitments.
