ABSTRACT
Carcinoma originating from the surface epithelium of the nasopharynx is classified by the World Health Organization (WHO) as nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) and has 3 main types: keratinizing squamous cell carcinoma (WHO type 1) and nonkeratinizing carcinoma, differentiated (WHO type II), and undifferentiated (WHO type III). Nonkeratinizing NPC is strongly associated with prior Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection. These tumors may be divided into differentiated and undifferentiated carcinoma. Histologically, the tumor is characterized by syncytia of large malignant cells with vesicular nuclei, conspicuous nucleoli, and easily observed mitotic figures. We report a case of a 14-year-old boy diagnosed with EBV and human papillomavirus (HPV)-positive NPC (WHO type 3) with cytogenetics showing the presence of mosaic trisomy 2. This case report brings to light a rare cytogenetic aberration to our knowledge only reported once before in the literature in a xenograft model.
Subject(s)
Epstein-Barr Virus Infections/complications , Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma/pathology , Nasopharyngeal Neoplasms/pathology , Papillomavirus Infections/complications , Trisomy , Adolescent , Chromosomes, Human, Pair 2 , Cytogenetic Analysis , Epstein-Barr Virus Infections/diagnosis , Humans , Male , Mosaicism , Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma/diagnosis , Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma/genetics , Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma/virology , Nasopharyngeal Neoplasms/diagnosis , Nasopharyngeal Neoplasms/genetics , Nasopharyngeal Neoplasms/virology , Papillomavirus Infections/diagnosis , Trisomy/diagnosis , Trisomy/geneticsABSTRACT
The identification of disease-related genes and their complete nucleotide sequence through the human genome project provides us with a remarkable opportunity to combat a large number of diseases with designed genes as medicine. However, gene therapy relies on the efficient and nontoxic transport of therapeutic genetic medicine through the cell membranes, and this process is very inefficient. Carbon nanotubes, due to their large surface areas, unique surface properties, and needle-like shape, can deliver a large amount of therapeutic agents, including DNA and siRNAs, to the target disease sites. In addition, due to their unparalleled optical and electrical properties, carbon nanotubes can deliver DNA/siRNA not only into cells, which include difficult transfecting primary-immune cells and bacteria, they can also lead to controlled release of DNA/siRNA for targeted gene therapy. Furthermore, due to their wire shaped structure with a diameter matching with that of DNA/siRNA and their remarkable flexibility, carbon nanotubes can impact on the conformational structure and the transient conformational change of DNA/RNA, which can further enhance the therapeutic effects of DNA/siRNA. Synergistic combination of the multiple capabilities of carbon nanotubes to deliver DNA/siRNAs will lead to the development of powerful multifunctional nanomedicine to treat cancer or other difficult diseases. In this review, we summarized the current studies in using CNT as unique vehicles in the field of gene therapy.
Subject(s)
DNA/therapeutic use , Genetic Therapy/methods , Nanomedicine/methods , Nanotubes, Carbon , RNA, Small Interfering/genetics , Animals , DNA/chemistry , DNA/genetics , DNA/metabolism , Drug Carriers , Drug Delivery Systems , Drug Design , Humans , Models, Molecular , Nucleic Acid Conformation , RNA, Small Interfering/metabolismABSTRACT
The overall conductivity of SWNT networks is dominated by the existence of high resistance and tunneling/Schottky barriers at the intertube junctions in the network. Here we report that in situ polymerization of a highly conductive self-doped conducting polymer "skin" around and along single stranded DNA dispersed and functionalized single wall carbon nanotubes can greatly decrease the contact resistance. The polymer skin also acts as "conductive glue" effectively assembling the SWNTs into a conductive network, which decreases the amount of SWNTs needed to reach the high conductive regime of the network. The conductance of the composite network after the percolation threshold can be 2 orders of magnitude higher than the network formed from SWNTs alone.
