Líquido peritoneal turbio acelular y uso de antagonistas del calcio en diálisis peritoneal / Turbid acellular peritoneal fluid and the use of calcium antagonists in peritoneal dialysis

El líquido peritoneal turbio acelular de etiología no infecciosa es una entidad poco frecuente en diálisis peritoneal y se caracteriza por una concentración elevada de triglicéridos en el líquido peritoneal. Las causas más comunes son las neoplasias, las obstrucciones linfáticas, las pancreatitis, los traumatismos y se ha relacionado también con el uso de algunos fármacos, como los antagonistas del calcio. Las series con un mayor número de casos se han comunicado en población asiática. Recientemente hemos diagnosticado en nuestro centro 4 casos de líquido peritoneal turbio acelular relacionado con el uso de antagonistas del calcio. Nos planteamos revisar las características principales de los casos y estudiar la relación del antagonista del calcio con los niveles de triglicéridos en el líquido peritoneal de los pacientes estables en diálisis peritoneal durante el año 2010. De los cuatro enfermos con líquido peritoneal turbio acelular, el 75 % eran varones y el 75 % estaban en tratamiento con manidipino; en todos los casos se resolvió el problema con la retirada del fármaco. Los niveles de triglicéridos medios fueron de 314 mg/dl. Los niveles medios de triglicéridos de 36 pacientes estables de diálisis peritoneal fueron de 8,1 mg/dl, con un intervalo entre 1 y 35 mg/dl. La media de triglicéridos en los pacientes con o sin tratamiento con antagonistas del calcio fue muy similar: 7,81 y 8,6 mg/dl, respectivamente. No se observaron diferencias en relación con el tipo de antagonista del calcio prescrito. En nuestra experiencia, creemos que los antagonistas del calcio deben ser considerados como causa de líquido peritoneal turbio acelular en los enfermos en diálisis peritoneal, en especial el manidipino. No consideramos útil la determinación de triglicéridos en el líquido peritoneal de los enfermos asintomáticos en tratamiento con antagonistas del calcio (AU)

Turbid acellular peritoneal fluid of a non-infectious aetiology is an uncommon entity in peritoneal dialysis and is characterised by a high concentration of triglycerides in the peritoneal fluid. The most common causes include cancer, lymphatic obstructions, pancreatitis, trauma, and even the use of certain medications such as calcium antagonists. The largest studies concerning this entity have been carried out in patients of Asian descent. We recently diagnosed 4 cases of turbid acellular peritoneal fluid at our institution in relation to the use of calcium antagonists. We reviewed the primary characteristics of these cases and examined the relationship between the use of calcium antagonists and triglyceride levels in the peritoneal fluid of stable patients on peritoneal dialysis during 2010. Of the four patients with turbid acellular peritoneal fluid, 75% were male and 75% were on treatment with manidipine; in all cases, the issue was resolved by suspending medication. Mean triglyceride levels were 314mg/dl. Mean triglyceride levels in 36 stable patients on peritoneal dialysis were 8.1mg/dl, with a range of 1-35mg/dl. Mean triglyceride levels in patients with and without calcium antagonist treatment were very similar, at 7.81mg/dl and 8.6mg/dl, respectively. We did not observe significant differences in terms of the type of calcium antagonist prescribed. In our experience, we believe that calcium antagonists should be considered as a cause of turbid acellular peritoneal fluid in patients on peritoneal dialysis, in particular manidipine. We do not find it useful to determine triglyceride levels in the peritoneal fluid of asymptomatic patients on treatment with calcium antagonists (AU)

Turbid acellular peritoneal fluid and the use of calcium antagonists in peritoneal dialysis.

Turbid acellular peritoneal fluid of a non-infectious aetiology is an uncommon entity in peritoneal dialysis and is characterised by a high concentration of triglycerides in the peritoneal fluid. The most common causes include cancer, lymphatic obstructions, pancreatitis, trauma, and even the use of certain medications such as calcium antagonists. The largest studies concerning this entity have been carried out in patients of Asian descent. We recently diagnosed 4 cases of turbid acellular peritoneal fluid at our institution in relation to the use of calcium antagonists. We reviewed the primary characteristics of these cases and examined the relationship between the use of calcium antagonists and triglyceride levels in the peritoneal fluid of stable patients on peritoneal dialysis during 2010. Of the four patients with turbid acellular peritoneal fluid, 75% were male and 75% were on treatment with manidipine; in all cases, the issue was resolved by suspending medication. Mean triglyceride levels were 314 mg/dl. Mean triglyceride levels in 36 stable patients on peritoneal dialysis were 8.1mg/dl, with a range of 1-35 mg/dl. Mean triglyceride levels in patients with and without calcium antagonist treatment were very similar, at 7.81 mg/dl and 8.6 mg/dl, respectively. We did not observe significant differences in terms of the type of calcium antagonist prescribed. In our experience, we believe that calcium antagonists should be considered as a cause of turbid acellular peritoneal fluid in patients on peritoneal dialysis, in particular manidipine. We do not find it useful to determine triglyceride levels in the peritoneal fluid of asymptomatic patients on treatment with calcium antagonists.

Relación entre la presión intrabdominal en diálisis peritoneal con las hernias y fugas / The link between intra-abdominal pressure in peritoneal dialysis and hernias and fugues

La presión intrabdominal normal es igual a la atmosférica (cero). En Diálisis Peritoneal con la introducción del líquido intraperitoneal, la presión intrabdominal aumenta. En varios estudios se aconseja que esta no supere los 16-20 cm. H2O. Además de las posibles molestias abdominales, una presión intrabdominal elevada puede tener relación con los problemas de la pared abdominal, como hernias y fugas y tener implicaciones en el transporte peritoneal y el déficit de ultrafiltración. Los objetivos del presente trabajo fueron: conocer los niveles de presión intrabdominal de los enfermos prevalentes en diálisis peritoneal, valorar los factores que influyen en llos valores de esta presión y estudiar retrospectivamente la relación entre presión intrabdominal y desarrollo de hernias y fugas. Realizamos un estudio transversal, observacional y retrospectivo de valoración de la presión intrabdominal en los enfermos prevalentes, estables, con más de tres meses en diálisis peritoneal. La presión intrabdominal se midió mediante el método descrito por Durand: paciente en decúbito supino, con el volumen peritoneal diurno. La presión intrabdominal final es la media entre las mediciones realizadas durante la inspiración y la espiración, se expresa en cm. de H2O, y se especifica el volumen drenado. También se realizó una medida en sedestación y en bipedestación. Se estudiaron 34 pacientes, 66% varones, edad media de 61.2±14 años, 3 con poliquistosis renal, un índice de comorbilidad de Charlson medio de 7,9, un índice de masa corporal medio de 27.4±4.2 y un tiempo medio en DP de 21±12 meses. El volumen medio diurno fue de 1796±385 mL y el nocturno de 2100±254 mL. Un 32% de los pacientes tenían antecedentes de cirugía abdominal y un 5% de hernias, reparadas antes del inicio de la diálisis peritoneal. La media de presión intrabdominal en decúbito fue de 17.5±4.1 cm. de H2O, y un volumen medio por superficie corporal de 1141±253 ml/m2. Un 23.5 % tenían una presión intrabdominal mayor a 20 cm. de H2O. En sedestación la media fue de 28±5.5 cm. de H2O y en bipedestación de 43.7±5.3 cm. de H2O. Los enfermos con presión intrabdominal > 20 cm. H2O tenían más porcentaje de hernias (50% vs 12 %) y fugas pericatéter (37 % vs. 12 %). Como principales conclusiones, podemos destacar que los niveles de presión intrabdominal de nuestros pacientes son algo más elevados que en otras series. A mayor edad, mayor comorbilidad y mayor índice de masa corporal, la presión intrabdominal es más elevada. Los enfermos con presión intrabdominal elevada presentaron más episodios de hernias y fugas (AU)

Normal intra-abdominal pressure is equal to atmospheric pressure (zero). In peritoneal dialysis the introduction of intra-peritoneal liquid increases intra-abdominal pressure. In various studies it is recommended that this does not exceed 16-20cm H2O. In addition to possible abdominal discomfort, high intra-abdominal pressure can be linked to problems with the abdominal wall, such as hernias and fugues, and have implications for peritoneal transport and ultrafiltration deficit. The aims of this study were the following: to find out the intra-abdominal pressure levels in the prevalent type of patients in peritoneal dialysis, to assess the factors influencing the values for this pressure and to study the relationship between intra-abdominal pressure and the development of hernias and fugues, retrospectively. A transversal, observational and retrospective study was conducted to measure intra-abdominal pressure in the prevalent, stable patients who had been on peritoneal dialysis for more than three months. Intra-abdominal pressure was measured using the method described by Durand: patient in a supine position, with diurnal peritoneal volume. The final intra-abdominal pressure is the average of the measurements taken during inspiration and expiration, is expressed in cm H2O and the volume drained is specified. Measurements were also taken in sitting and standing positions. 34 patients were studied, 66% of them male, with an average age of 61.2±14 years, 3 with polycystic kidney disease, an average Charlson comorbidity index of 7.9, an average body mass index of 27.4±4.2 and an average of 21±12 months on PD. Average diurnal volume was 1796±385 mL and nocturnal 2100±254 mL. 32% of the patients had a history of abdominal surgery and 5% of hernias, remedied before the start of peritoneal dialysis. The average intra-abdominal pressure lying down was 17.5±4.1cm H2O, with an average volume by body surface of 1141±253ml/m2. 23.5 % had an intra-abdominal pressure of over 20cm H2O. In a sitting position the average was 28±5.5cm H2O and standing up it was 43.7±5.3cm H2O. Patients with an intra-abdominal pressure of > 20cm H2O had a higher percentage of hernias (50% vs 12%) and pericatheter fugues (37% vs. 12%). As the principal conclusions, we would stress that the intra-abdominal pressure levels in our patients were rather higher than in other series. The greater the age, comorbidity and major body mass index, the higher the intra-abdominal pressure. Patients with high intra-abdominal pressure have more episodes of hernias and fugues (AU)

Results of a coordination and shared clinical information programme between primary care and nephrology.

INTRODUCTION: The high prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in the general population has created a need to coordinate specialised nephrology care and primary care. Although several systems have been developed to coordinate this process, published results are scarce and contradictory. OBJECTIVE: To present the results of the application of a coordinated programme between nephrology care and primary care through consultations and a system of shared clinical information to facilitate communication and improve the criteria for referring patients. METHODS: Elaboration of a coordinated care programme by the primary care management team and the nephrology department, based on the SEN-SEMFYC consensus document and a protocol for the study and management of arterial hypertension (AHT). Explanation and implementation in primary health care units. A directory of specialists' consultations was created, both in-person and via e-mail. A continuous training programme in kidney disease and arterial hypertension was implemented in the in-person consultation sessions. The programme was progressively implemented over a three-year period (2007-2010) in an area of 426,000 inhabitants with 230 general practitioners. Use of a clinical information system named Salut en Xarxa that allows access to clinical reports, diagnoses, prescriptions, test results and clinical progression. RESULTS: Improved referral criteria between primary care and specialised nephrology service. Improved prioritisation of visits. Progressive increase in referrals denied by specialists (28.5% in 2009), accompanied by an explanatory report including suggestions for patient management. Decrease in first nephrology outpatient visits that have been referred from primary care (15% in 2009). Family doctors were generally satisfied with the improvement in communication and the continuous training programme. The main causes for denying referral requests were: patients >70 years with stage 3 CKD (44.15%); patients <70 years with stage 3a CKD (19.15%); albumin/creatinine ratio <500 mg/g (12.23%); non-secondary, non-refractory, essential AHT (11.17%). The general practitioners included in the programme showed great interest and no complaints were registered. CONCLUSIONS: The consultations improve adequacy and prioritisation of nephrology visits, allow for better communication between different levels of the health system, and offer systematic training for general practitioners to improve the management of nephrology patients. This process allows for referring nephrology patients with the most complex profiles to nephrology outpatient clinics.

Influencia de la agitación intensa del efluente en diálisis peritoneal automática para el cálculo de la dosis de diálisis / Influence of intense shaking of the effluent in automatic peritoneal dialysis in calculating the dialysis dosage

Introducción. La metodología, toma de muestras de sangre y del efluente peritoneal (EP) y fórmulas utilizadas para la realización de cálculos de la dosis de diálisis peritoneal debe ser estándar. Las guías DOQI recomiendan la mezcla de todo el EP y su agitación intensa. Objetivo. Estudiar si había diferencias en la determinación de Cr y de urea antes y después de agitar el EP y si afectaban al cálculo de KT/Vs y del ClCr/1.73 m2.Material y métodos. En 13 enfermos estables en DPA se realizaron 25 determinaciones de urea y Crantes y después de agitar la garrafa del EP. Se calculó el KT/Vs y el ClCr/1.73 m2 de la DP con la muestra de sangre obtenida 1-3 horas después de la finalización del tratamiento. Conclusiones. La agitación del EP previa a la toma muestras no modificó el resultado de urea y Cr y por consiguiente del KT/Vs y ClCr/1.73 m2 en nuestros enfermos. Los diferentes resultados con otros estudios pueden explicarse por otros factores como el tiempo transcurrido desde el final de la DPA y la recogida la muestra o el volumen total (AU)

Introduction The methodology, taking of blood and peritoneal effluent (PE) samples and formulae used to calculate the dos age of peritoneal dialysis should be standard. DOQI guidelines recommend mixing all the PE and shaking it well. Objective. To study whether there were differences in determining Cr and urea before and after shaking the PE and whether they affected the calculation of KT/Vs and ClCr/1.73 m2. Material and methods. In 13 stable patients on APD25 urea and Cr tests were carried out before and afters haking the PE container. The KT/Vs and ClCr/1.73m2 of the P P

Influencia de los rasgos de personalidad en la elección de la técnica de diálisis / The influence of personality traits in the choice of dialysis technique

La Insuficiencia Renal Crónica se acompaña de problemas físicos y una fuerte dosis de ansiedad. Creemos que los rasgos de personalidad y el soporte psicosocial podrían influir en la elección de la técnica de diálisis. Nuestro objetivo es valorar como influyen los rasgos de personalidad en la elección de la técnica de diálisis. Desde 1996 disponemos, en el Servicio de Nefrología, de un registro prospectivo que recoge variables relacionadas con la elección de la técnica dediálisis. En el año 2003 realizamos un estudio transversal en todos los enfermos estables en diálisis de nuestro centro, sobre los Rasgos del Carácter, se administraron los cuestionarios:• Cuestionario de personalidad de Eysenk (EPQ RS)• Escala de adaptación social (PSA)• Test de afrontamiento (COPE)Se han estudiado 39 pacientes de los cuales 20 optaron por hemodiálisis y 19 por diálisis peritoneal. No hemos hallado diferencias en cuanto a las variables sociales ni tampoco en el test de personalidad, solamente se ha hallado una diferencia estadísticamente significativa en la escala des-adaptativa del test de COPE. Se observa que los pacientes que eligen DP muestran una mayor capacidad para afrontar los problemas, no tenían mejor soporte y adaptación social, ni una personalidad menos neurótica

Chronic Renal Insufficiency is accompanied by physical problems and a strong dose of anxiety. We believe that the personality traits and psychosocial support might influence in the choice of dialysis technique. Our objective is to evaluate how personality traits influence the choice of dialysis technique. In the Nephrology Service, since 1996 we have had a prospective register that gathers variables related to the choice of dialysis technique. In 2003, we performed a transversal study on all stable dialysis patients in our unit of the Character Traits, with the following questionnaires:• Eysenk personality questionnaire (EPQ RS)• Social adaptation scale (PSA)• Confronting test (COPE) Thirty-nine patients were studied, of which 20 opted for haemodialysis and 19 for peritoneal dialysis. We found no differences with respect to the social lvariables nor in the personality test, only one statistically significant difference was found on the deadaptive scale of the COPE test. It was observed that the patients choosing PD showed a greater capacity to face problems, did not have better support and social adaptation or a less neurotic personality