What drives preventative health behaviors one year into a pandemic? A replication and extension.

Objective: There is continued interest in understanding what leads people to engage in CDC-recommended COVID-19 prevention behaviors. We tested whether fear and COVID-19 worry would replicate as the primary drivers of six CDC recommended prevention behaviors. Methods and Measures: We recruited 741 adult participants during the second major peak of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States (early 2021). Using very similar methods to the original study, participants completed a 10-day daily diary. Mixed effects models identified the strongest predictors of each individual prevention behavior as well as approach and avoidance behavior clusters. Results: At the between-person level, COVID-19 worry, COVID-19 perceived susceptibility, fear, and positive emotions all had positive zero-order associations with the prevention behaviors. However, with all predictors in the same model together, primarily COVID-19 worry remained significant for both the individual behaviors and behavior clusters. At the within-person level, only fear related to assessing oneself for COVID-19 and approach behaviors on the same day, but not the next day. Mediational analyses suggested COVID-19 worry, but not COVID-19 susceptibility, mediated the links between fear and approach/avoidance behaviors. Conclusion: Findings replicated worry about yourself or a loved one getting COVID-19 as the strongest predictor of prevention behaviors.

Fostering diversity in mathematics cognition.

Integrating diverse perspectives in psychological science can enhance innovation in research and allow research teams to better study diverse populations of individuals through an authentic lens. Despite recent efforts to better address issues of race and ethnicity in research samples, the field of psychology broadly-and the area of mathematics cognition specifically-has largely failed to support scientists from diverse racial and ethnic backgrounds. In this essay, we consider the unique contributions that scholars of color can make to psychological research in mathematics cognition. Next, we reveal common challenges faced by scholars of color and challenges to recruiting and maintaining scholars of color in our community with a focus on Black scholars. Finally, we propose actions for diversifying the "pipeline" of promising scholars.

Household Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in the Third Wave of the Pandemic with Special Reference to Clinico-epidemiological Characteristics.

Background: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic began in India in 2020. Despite successful vaccination, cases again started increasing from mid-December 2021. Therefore, this study was undertaken to find out the clinico-epidemiological characteristics and effectiveness of vaccination in the household transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in and around Pune. Material and Methods: All samples received from December 15, 2021, till February 15, 2022, were included in the study. Samples received in viral transport medium (VTM) were extracted by the MagMAX RNA Extraction Kit, and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was performed by the CoviPath Kit as per kit guidelines. Values of nucleocapsid (N) gene and open reading frame (ORF) less than 37 were considered positive. Clinico-epidemiological data were analyzed from the sample referral form (SRF). Results: A total of 712 of 1032 household contacts of 271 families were positive. When geographical areas were compared, it was found that rural areas were affected more (63.76%) as compared to urban areas (36.24%). Males were more affected than females. The most commonly affected age group was 41-50 years (26.54%). Small families were found to have more household transmission. Mild symptoms were present in 97.89%. Among 271 infected individuals, seven were admitted to hospital, of which one patient died due to pneumonia. Two doses of vaccination were completed in 93.95%, and 3.79% had taken booster dose. Conclusions: Data from this study showed that a high rate of transmission was observed in household contact despite two doses of vaccination. However, these vaccinated individuals had mild symptoms, maybe due to the effect of vaccination and infecting variant omicron.

Idiopathic Hypereosinophilic Syndrome Presenting with Recalcitrant Oral and Genital Ulcers Responding Well to Thalidomide.

Hypereosinophilic syndrome is a myeloproliferative disorder characterized by abnormal accumulation of eosinophils in the blood or peripheral tissues. It is uncommonly seen in children. We describe a 14-year-old girl diagnosed with idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome presenting with recurrent, painful oral and genital ulcers, hepatosplenomegaly along with consistently high eosinophil count and leucocytosis. Genetic studies showed negative for FIPIL-PDGFRA fusion gene. Mucosal ulcers were recalcitrant to conventional therapy and responded well to thalidomide.

Adaptive variability in children's conceptual models of division.

This study examined whether different types of commonly used mathematical tasks affect how children think about whole number division problems. Prior research suggested that children tend to rely on the partitive model to understand whole number division, which is likely problematic when students transition to learning about fraction division. We assessed variability in correct whole number division problem-solving strategies among 63 elementary school children (41.5% female, 58.5% male, 0% nonbinary/gender expansive; 69.2% White, 10.7% multiracial, 6.1% Black, 4.6% Latino, 3.3% other/unidentified, 6.1% preferred not to answer). Each participant was asked to demonstrate four whole number division problems in each of three contexts (within participants): objects, story problems, and number lines. Most children displayed understanding of multiple conceptual models of division, but strategies varied by context. Story problems elicited partitive models, number lines elicited quotative models, and objects elicited both. Finally, elementary school children used strategies adaptively. Number line representations may afford conceptual connections between earlier-learned whole number concepts and analogous later-learned fraction concepts, supporting the integration of children's whole number and fraction knowledge.

Gold nanoparticles synthesis using Gymnosporia montana L. and its biological profile: a pioneer report.

BACKGROUND: The forming, blending, and characterization of materials at a size of one billionth of a meter or less is referred to as nanotechnology. The objective of the current study was to synthesize ecologically friendly gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) from Gymnosporia montana L. (G. montana) leaf extract, characterize them, assess their interaction with different types of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), and investigate their antioxidant and toxic capabilities. RESULTS: The biosynthesized AuNPs presence was validated by a color change from yellow to reddish pink as well as using UV-visible spectrophotometer. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy analysis showed the presence of phytoconstituents like, alcohols, phenols, and nitro compounds responsible for the reduction of AuNPs. Zeta sizer and zeta potential of 559.6 d. nm and - 4.5 mV, respectively, demonstrated potential stability. With an average size between 10 and 50 nm, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and high-resolution transmission electron microscope (HR-TEM), revealed the crystalline formation of AuNPs. Surface topology with 3D characterization, irregular spherical shape, and size with 6.48 nm of AuNPs was determined with the help of an atomic force microscope (AFM). AuNPs with some irregular and spherical shapes, and sizes between 2 and 20 nm, were revealed by field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) investigation. Shifts in the spectrum were visible when the bioavailability of AuNPs with calf-thymus DNA (CT-DNA) and Herring sperm DNA (HS-DNA) was tested. Additionally, the DNA nicking assay's interaction with pBR322 DNA confirmed its physiochemical and antioxidant properties. The same was also found by using a 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay, which showed a 70-80% inhibition rate. Finally, 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay revealed that viability decreased with increasing dosage, going from 77.74 to 46.99% on MCF-7 cell line. CONCLUSION: Synthesizing AuNPs through biogenic processes and adopting G. montana for the first time revealed potential DNA interaction, antioxidant, and cytotoxicity capabilities. Thus, opening new possibilities in the turf of therapeutics as well as in other areas.

Task features change the relation between math anxiety and number line estimation performance with rational numbers: Two large-scale online studies.

Math performance is negatively related to math anxiety (MA), though MA may impact certain math skills more than others. We investigated whether the relation between MA and math performance is affected by task features, such as number type (e.g., fractions, whole numbers, percentages), number format (symbolic vs. nonsymbolic), and ratio component size (small vs. large). Across two large-scale studies (combined n = 3,822), the MA-performance relation was strongest for large whole numbers and fractions, and stronger for symbolic than nonsymbolic fractions. The MA-performance relation was also stronger for smaller relative to larger components, and MA relating to specific number types may be a better predictor of performance than general MA for certain tasks. The relation between MA and estimation performance changes depending on task features, which suggests that MA may relate to certain math skills more than others, which may have implications for how people reason with numerical information and may inform future interventions. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

Experimental tests of hypothetical lottery incentives on unvaccinated adults' COVID-19 vaccination intentions.

OBJECTIVE: In May 2021, U.S. states began implementing "vaccination lotteries" encouraging COVID-19 vaccination. Drawing from Prospect Theory and math cognition research, we tested several monetary lottery structures and their framing to determine which would best motivate unvaccinated adults. METHOD: In two online experiments, U.S. adults were asked to imagine that their state implemented a vaccination lottery. In Experiment 1, participants (N = 589) were randomly assigned to 1 of 12 conditions varying the monetary amount and number of winners, holding constant a $5 million total payout. In Experiment 2, participants (N = 274) were randomly assigned to one of four conditions in a 2 (Message Framing: Gain versus Loss) by 2 (Numeric Framing: Big versus Small) factorial design; in all conditions, five people would each win $1 million. Participants rated their baseline vaccination willingness (1 = not at all to 4 = very) and postmanipulation COVID-19 vaccination intentions "if their state offered this incentive" (0 = definitely would not to 100 = definitely would). RESULTS: Intentions did not differ across conditions (Experiment 1: F[11, 561] = 1.29, p = .224, ηp² = .03; Experiment 2: Message Framing, F[1, 266)] = .01, p = .940, ηp² = .000; Numeric Framing, F[1, 266] = 1.40, p = .237, ηp² = .01; Interaction, F[1, 266] = 1.40, p = .238, ηp² = .01). When participants were shown a list of 12 lottery structures and asked which they preferred, participants on average preferred options that awarded less money to more people. However, 41.9% of participants across both experiments indicated they would not vaccinate for any lottery-based monetary incentive. CONCLUSIONS: Multiple lottery structures could be equally (un)motivating for unvaccinated adults. Structures that distribute incentives across more people or alternative public health strategies should be considered. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

Emotional complexity under high stress: Do protective associations for risk behaviors persist even during a pandemic?

Risk behaviors like substance use and binge eating are often used to cope with negative emotions. Engagement in these behaviors has been exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic. Past research suggests that complex emotion conceptualizations captured as emotion differentiation (ability to discriminate between emotional states) and polarity (ability to integrate positive and negative features of emotional experience) may be protective. We examined associations of mean affect intensity, emotion differentiation, and emotion polarity with frequency of daily substance use and binge eating across 10 days in a demographically diverse sample of U.S. adults (N = 353) recruited between March 24 and April 9, 2020, when stay-at-home orders were initiated. Owing to the nested data structure and excessive zero values, analyses were conducted using multilevel zero-inflated negative binomial regression. Consistent with past research, negative affect was positively associated with frequency of substance use and binge eating. Importantly, results indicated that negative emotion differentiation was protective, predicting greater likelihood of not using substances and binge eating at all across the sampling period. These effects remained even after controlling for mean affect intensity, emotion polarity, and positive emotion differentiation. Neither positive emotion differentiation nor emotion polarity were significantly associated with either behavior. Our results suggest that greater complexity in conceptualization of negative emotions facilitates some protection against risk behaviors such as substance use and binge eating, even during periods of high environmental stress. These findings have important implications for optimizing interventions to reduce engagement in risk behaviors. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

Leveraging Math Cognition to Combat Health Innumeracy.

Rational numbers (i.e., fractions, percentages, decimals, and whole-number frequencies) are notoriously difficult mathematical constructs. Yet correctly interpreting rational numbers is imperative for understanding health statistics, such as gauging the likelihood of side effects from a medication. Several pernicious biases affect health decision-making involving rational numbers. In our novel developmental framework, the natural-number bias-a tendency to misapply knowledge about natural numbers to all numbers-is the mechanism underlying other biases that shape health decision-making. Natural-number bias occurs when people automatically process natural-number magnitudes and disregard ratio magnitudes. Math-cognition researchers have identified individual differences and environmental factors underlying natural-number bias and devised ways to teach people how to avoid these biases. Although effective interventions from other areas of research can help adults evaluate numerical health information, they circumvent the core issue: people's penchant to automatically process natural-number magnitudes and disregard ratio magnitudes. We describe the origins of natural-number bias and how researchers may harness the bias to improve rational-number understanding and ameliorate innumeracy in real-world contexts, including health. We recommend modifications to formal math education to help children learn the connections among natural and rational numbers. We also call on researchers to consider individual differences people bring to health decision-making contexts and how measures from math cognition might identify those who would benefit most from support when interpreting health statistics. Investigating innumeracy with an interdisciplinary lens could advance understanding of innumeracy in theoretically meaningful and practical ways.

Number lines can be more effective at facilitating adults' performance on health-related ratio problems than risk ladders and icon arrays.

Visual displays, such as icon arrays and risk ladders, are often used to communicate numerical health information. Number lines improve reasoning with rational numbers but are seldom used in health contexts. College students solved ratio problems related to COVID-19 (e.g., number of deaths and number of cases) in one of four randomly assigned conditions: icon arrays, risk ladders, number lines, or no accompanying visual display. As predicted, number lines facilitated performance on these problems-the number line condition outperformed the other visual display conditions, which did not perform any better than the no visual display condition. In addition, higher performance on the health-related ratio problems was associated with higher COVID-19 worry for oneself and others, higher perceptions of COVID-19 severity, and higher endorsement of intentions to engage in preventive health behaviors, even when controlling for baseline math skills. These findings have important implications for effectively presenting health statistics. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

Self-care behaviors and affect during the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic.

OBJECTIVE: Self-care behaviors aimed at maintaining physical and mental health are often recommended during stressful contexts. We tested emotional predictors of self-care behaviors (healthy eating, exercise, engaging in a hobby, relaxation/meditation, time spent with a supportive person, talking online with friends/family) during the COVID-19 pandemic and their emotional consequences. We hypothesized a reciprocal within-person process whereby positive affect increases self-care behaviors (Hypothesis 1) and self-care behaviors increase positive affect while decreasing negative affect (Hypothesis 2). METHOD: A 10-day daily diary was completed by 289 adult participants in the United States during spring 2020 when counties in 40 out of 50 states had some form of stay-at-home orders. RESULTS: Lagged analyses for Hypothesis 1 suggested that positive affect did not significantly predict residualized change in self-care behaviors; however, more intense negative affect predicted increased self-care behaviors from one day to the next. Concurrent analyses for Hypothesis 2 indicated most self-care behaviors were associated with more positive affect and some with less negative affect on the same day. Lagged analyses for Hypothesis 2 indicated that self-care behaviors largely did not predict residualized change in positive or negative affect from one day to the next. At the between-person level, people who experienced more positive affect engaged in more self-care behaviors across the sampling period. CONCLUSION: Self-care behaviors continue to have mental health benefits during stressful environments such as the COVID-19 pandemic and stay-at-home orders. Negative affect can play an adaptive role during times of stress by facilitating self-care. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

Understanding the Role of NRF2 Signalling in Cancer.

Nuclear factor erythroid 2 (NFE 2) - related factor 2 (NFE2L2 or NRF2) is one of the transcription factors predominantly related to the expression of antioxidant genes. NRF2 plays a pivotal role in controlling redox potential in several tumor characteristics, including cancer cell metabolism, stem-cell-like characteristics, tumor aggressiveness, invasion, and metastasis. Further, it was recently discovered that the noncanonical pathway of NRF2 activation was involved in carcinogenesis. Cancerrelated changes (e.g., metabolic flexibility) that support cancer progression were found to be redox and NRF2 dependent. The pro or antineoplastic effects of NRF2 are essentially based on the specific molecular characteristics of the type of cancer. Therefore, systematic investigation of NRF2 signaling is necessary to clarify its role in cancer etiology. Understanding the role of NRF2 in triggering gene expressions in different types of cancer is quite challenging, which might be useful to target those genes for better clinical outcomes. To decipher the role of NRF2 in tumor formation and progression, largescale genomic and transcriptomic studies are required to correlate the clinical outcomes with the activity of the NRF2 expression system. This review attempts to give insights into the understanding of the role of NRF2 in cancer.

Iron doped activated carbon for effective removal of tartrazine and methylene blue dye from the aquatic systems: Kinetics, isotherms, thermodynamics and desorption studies.

In the current research work, the activated carbon synthesized from the plant species Delonix regia is doped with iron oxide nanoparticles and enforced as a nanosorbent for the effective extermination of Tartrazine (TAR) and Methylene blue (MB) dyes. This nanosorbent is prepared from the bark powder of the Delonix regia and subjected to chemical activation; Furthermore, the synthesized biosorbent were characterized using FTIR, SEM, TGA, and XRD to understand their functional properties and structural morphology. The optimum effectiveness adsorption of Tartrazine and Methylene blue has been investigated by using different key parameters. The conclusions have shown the highest removal percentage at a pH of 3 and 6 for Tartrazine and Methylene blue, respectively. For the various initial concentrations, the adsorption percentage reached equilibrium after 60 min and 90 min for TAR and MB. The adsorption equilibrium values were applied to various isotherms models. The adsorbent showed a higher removal capacity of 357.142 mg g-1 and 147.058 mg g-1 and for MB and TAR respectively. The kinetic data were best fits to pseudo second order model. The thermodynamic parameters indicated that this adsorption process was found to be spontaneous, exothermic and feasible at different temperatures. These results have shown that the prepared adsorbent is an environmentally friendly and suitable material for the elimination of TAR and MB from water systems.

Confidence in COVID problem solving: What factors predict adults' item-level metacognitive judgments on health-related math problems before and after an educational intervention?

The advent of COVID-19 highlighted widespread misconceptions regarding people's accuracy in interpreting quantitative health information. How do people judge whether they accurately answered health-related math problems? Which individual differences predict these item-by-item metacognitive monitoring judgments? How does a brief intervention targeting math skills-which increased problem-solving accuracy-affect people's monitoring judgments? We investigated these pre-registered questions in a secondary analysis of data from a large Qualtrics panel of adults (N = 1,297). Pretest performance accuracy, math self-efficacy, gender, and math anxiety were associated with pretest item-level monitoring judgments. Participants randomly assigned to the intervention condition, relative to the control condition, made higher monitoring judgments post intervention. That is, these participants believed they were more accurate when answering problems. Regardless of experimental condition, those who actually were correct on health-related math problems made higher monitoring judgments than those who answered incorrectly. Finally, consistent with prior research, math anxiety explained additional variance in monitoring judgments beyond trait anxiety. Together, findings indicated the importance of considering both objective (e.g., problem accuracy) and subjective factors (e.g., math self-efficacy, math anxiety) to better understand adults' metacognitive monitoring. Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11409-022-09300-3.

Recent advancements in the removal/recovery of toxic metals from aquatic system using flotation techniques.

The paramount cause of water scarcity is pollution, which is becoming a massive issue since the last century. Besides, it is evident that water pollution is the main cause of emerging contaminants that are left untreated from industries, can cause serious threats to humans and biota as well. One of the best ways in remediating pollutants and finding a way for generating useable water is to use this contaminated water after the necessary treatment. Heavy metals are of major concern in treatment because of their toxicity, non-biodegradability, carcinogenicity, and they can cause inevitable damages even at low concentrations. In this review article, available different flotation techniques are discussed to address this issue. Flotation tends to be one of the promising techniques that have shown a high scope because of its high produce, low sludge formation, and ease of operation. From the several pieces of literature, it can be inferred that the flotation process can be conducted in one step, and that does not need any expensive materials. Further, this paper deliberates the versatility of each process in disclosing its advantages, limitations, further scope of research and fills the loopholes in the process for better effectiveness. Overall, flotation is a highly probable as well as effective treatment technology to eradicate noxious pollutants present in wastewater and thus helps to compromise environmental and social sustainability.

A cross-sectional study to develop an early risk prediction tool for gestational diabetes mellitus for antenatal women diagnosed with this condition based on their characteristics and past obstetric history.

Background: In India, the prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is estimated to be 10%-14.3%, which is higher than in Western countries. Out of 10 pregnancies, one is associated with diabetes, and 90% of them are GDM. GDM influences not only maternal complications but also neonatal complications. Moreover, women with GDM and their children are at increased risk of developing type-2 diabetes later. Method and Material: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 220 patients to develop an early risk prediction tool for GDM for antenatal women diagnosed with this condition based on their characteristics and past obstetric history. Results: The mean age (in years) of patients in the study was 27.69 ± 5.07. One hundred and twenty-six patients (57.27%) had a family history of DM in their first relatives. Eighty-three (58.86%) patients had a history of complications in a previous pregnancy. Conclusion: The early risk predictor tool with age, prepregnancy, body mass index (BMI), family history of DM, gravidity, past history of menstrual cycle, and complications in a previous pregnancy was easy to operate, and all predictors were easily obtained in the first trimester in primary healthcare centers.

Sustainable approach on removal of toxic metals from electroplating industrial wastewater using dissolved air flotation.

This research paper concentrates on the removal of heavy metal from wastewater which was produced from an electroplating industry. Here, the Dissolved Air Flotation (DAF) treatment process is carried out to remove toxic metals such as chromium, cadmium, nickel, lead, and copper using Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate (SDS) as a collector. The best-optimized conditions for the maximum removal of all the metal ions about 97.39% was achieved at pH 8, contact time of 60 min, surfactant dosage of 0.2 g, and the pressure of 137.89 kPa. At optimized conditions, the treated water consists of 2.71 mg/L of chromium, 1.13 mg/L of cadmium, 10.24 mg/L of nickel, 0.06 mg/L of lead, and 1.14 mg/L of copper. The used surfactant SDS was found as an environmentally friendly compound as prescribed by the Environmental Protection Agency. It is inferred that the flotation kinetics that manifests the rate of recovery and time for all the metal ions follow first-order kinetics. Further, the removal rate constant (k) increases with decreasing the initial metal ion concentration. Overall, the result of this work propounds that the DAF process plays as a promising technique to eliminate noxious pollutants from the wastewater.

Math matters: A novel, brief educational intervention decreases whole number bias when reasoning about COVID-19.

At the onset of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) global pandemic, our interdisciplinary team hypothesized that a mathematical misconception-whole number bias (WNB)-contributed to beliefs that COVID-19 was less fatal than the flu. We created a brief online educational intervention for adults, leveraging evidence-based cognitive science research, to promote accurate understanding of rational numbers related to COVID-19. Participants from a Qualtrics panel (N = 1,297; 75% White) were randomly assigned to an intervention or control condition, solved health-related math problems, and subsequently completed 10 days of daily diaries in which health cognitions and affect were assessed. Participants who engaged with the intervention, relative to those in the control condition, were more accurate and less likely to explicitly mention WNB errors in their strategy reports as they solved COVID-19-related math problems. Math anxiety was positively associated with risk perceptions, worry, and negative affect immediately after the intervention and across the daily diaries. These results extend the benefits of worked examples in a practically relevant domain. Ameliorating WNB errors could not only help people think more accurately about COVID-19 statistics expressed as rational numbers, but also about novel future health crises, or any other context that involves information expressed as rational numbers. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

Long-term Outcomes of Treat and Extend Regimen of Anti-vascular Endothelial Growth Factor in Neovascular Age-related Macular Degeneration.

PURPOSE: This study describes the long-term visual and anatomic outcomes of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) treatment using a treat and extend dosing regimen. METHODS: This cross-sectional cohort study consisted of 224 treatment-naïve eyes with neovascular age-related macular degeneration (NV-AMD) from 202 patients that were treated with anti-VEGF agents bevacizumab, ranibizumab, and aflibercept using a treat and extend (TAE) regimen by four physician investigators in a large urban referral center from 2008 to 2015. Subjects were evaluated for visual acuity, injection frequency, and optical coherence tomography (OCT). RESULTS: Over a seven-year follow-up period (mean 3.4 years), an average 20.2 ± 14.7 injections were administered with 8.4 injections in the first year and 5.5 injections by the seventh year of remaining eyes undergoing treatment. Visual acuity was 0.70 logMAR (20/100 Snellen) at the first visit and 0.67 logMAR (20/93 Snellen) at the final visit, with 74% of eyes maintaining or gaining more than 2 lines of vision. Long-term, 45.1% of eyes achieved 20/50 or better, while 27.1% were 20/200 or worse. Of the treated patients, 61.2% received monotherapy with no difference in visual acuity outcomes or number of injections between the agents used. OCT analysis showed decreased fluid from initial to final follow-up visit: 70.1-15.6% with sub-retinal fluid (SRF) and 47.3-18.8% with intra-retinal fluid (IRF) with no difference between the agents were used. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates that most patients (74%) improve or maintain visual acuity long-term using a TAE model with a significant portion (45.1%) achieving 20/50 or better visual acuity with sustained treatment.