Subject(s)
Carcinoma, Squamous Cell , Head and Neck Neoplasms , Hypopharyngeal Neoplasms , Humans , Hypopharyngeal Neoplasms/surgery , Hypopharynx , Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/surgery , Scotland/epidemiology , Retrospective Studies , Head and Neck Neoplasms/epidemiology , Head and Neck Neoplasms/therapy , Survival RateABSTRACT
OBJECTIVES: Target volumes for irradiation remain ill-defined for squamous cell cancer of unknown primary in the head and neck (SCCUP). The aim of this study was to compare involved neck only (INO) radiotherapy (RT) with irradiating involved neck plus potential mucosal primary sites and contralateral neck (MUC) in patients diagnosed and treated with modern diagnostics and techniques. DESIGN: This is a retrospective cohort study. Patients with a diagnosis of SCCUP with unilateral neck disease were included. RESULTS: Thirty patients were identified. All underwent FDG PET-CT. 47% of patients had HPV-positive SCC. 20 patients received RT to INO, 10 patients to MUC, all with volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT). A significantly lower dose for each organ at risk was delivered in INO-treated patients, with mean dose to contralateral parotid gland 57% less. The proportion of patients with late grade 2 or worse xerostomia was higher in MUC patients. The incidence of grade 2-3 mucositis (89% vs 45%) and grade 3 or worse dysphagia (50% vs 10%) was higher in MUC patients. Median follow-up was 31 months. No mucosal primaries emerged. Progression-free survival at 2 years was 74.7% for INO patients, 70% in the MUC group. Overall survival at 2 years was 79.7% in the INO group and 70% in the MUC patients. CONCLUSION: INO radiotherapy for patients with SCCUP of the head and neck is a safe treatment strategy resulting in clinically significant lower RT doses to OARS. Acute and late toxicities are reduced without detriment to patient survival.
Subject(s)
Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/radiotherapy , Head and Neck Neoplasms/radiotherapy , Neoplasms, Unknown Primary/radiotherapy , Radiotherapy, Intensity-Modulated , Aged , Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/diagnostic imaging , Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/mortality , Female , Fluorodeoxyglucose F18 , Head and Neck Neoplasms/diagnostic imaging , Head and Neck Neoplasms/mortality , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Mucositis/etiology , Neoplasms, Unknown Primary/diagnostic imaging , Neoplasms, Unknown Primary/mortality , Organs at Risk , Positron Emission Tomography Computed Tomography , Radiopharmaceuticals , Retrospective Studies , Survival Rate , Xerostomia/etiologyABSTRACT
AIM: The assessment of staring episodes in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is difficult due to the range of diagnostic possibilities, the increased frequency of epileptiform activity on electroencephalogram (EEG), and the inability of normal EEG to exclude seizures. We reviewed the diagnostic use of routine EEG in this setting. METHOD: The routine EEG database of the Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne was searched for recordings during 2005-2010 in children with ASD below 16â years of age who were referred for staring. EEG reports and recordings were reviewed and epileptiform activity was characterised. RESULTS: Ninety-two EEGs in children with ASD were requested for episodes of staring. No child had absence or focal dyscognitive seizures confirmed on EEG. Findings were normal or showed non-epileptiform abnormalities in 80 children. Interictal epileptiform abnormalities were recorded in 12 children, but were judged potentially significant in only three. Seven children had epileptiform activity typical of benign focal epilepsy of childhood, such discharges seen not uncommonly in developmentally normal and delayed children without seizures. INTERPRETATION: Given the difficulties of performing EEG in children with ASD, the low yield of positive diagnostic findings and the high frequency of insignificant abnormalities, we suggest that EEG should be undertaken judiciously when evaluating children with ASD and staring episodes.
