[Distribution of the different patterns of aging over the system of animal world].

Since the system of animal world reflects evolutionary trends, an analysis of distribution of patterns of aging over this system provides information on the causes of the formation of differences among them. In this paper the system of the main animal groups in form of a table is presented, and the distribution of patterns demonstrating minimum and maximum of aging is discussed. Meanwhile the colonial animals are considered as a "minimum of aging", the animals demonstrating drastic self-liquidation after reproduction are considered as a "maximum of aging" (the most well-known example is the pink salmon). It is shown, that as far as the degree of difference from the simplest ancestor increases in process of evolution, the increase of the manifestations of aging takes place. Slow aging of relatively simple organisms cannot be a direct source of measures to prevent aging of complex ones.

[Differences in the lifespan of freshwater pearl mussels (Margaritifera margaritifera) as an evidence of impossibility of "negligble senescence" (based on the studies over the territory around Saint-Petersburg)].

The statement on the existence of the organisms with "negligible senescence" is based on the supposition that the probability of their death as adult does not change with aging. However, the direct observations which could either confirm or reject such suggestion are absent, and it is impossible to obtain them for the majority of the "non-aging" organisms. The data on the mortality of the European pearl mussel living in natural environment show that despite the features of "negligible senescence" (continuous growth, longevity, capacity to breed during the entire life), the probability of death increases with aging. Whereas only few individuals approach the age of 90-100 years old, vast majority dies being younger than 50 years old. This fact, as well as gaps in the substantiation of the concept of "negligible senescence", indicates that this "phenomenon" does not exist.

[Circumstances of the longevity of bats (based on the studies of bats over the territory around Saint-Petersburg)].

According to Medawar's concept on the accumulation of harmful mutations, bat longevity should be explained by the fact, that they have no enemies: since the organisms were not being exterminated at the young age, the selection towards longevity took place at their ancestors; the specific mutations causing senescence have not been accumulating. However bats have natural enemies, and in natural environment bats usually die long before maximum lifespan. This is confirmed by direct observations and, especially, by the fact, that the bat populations increase slowly. In 1950-60s the bat populations declined over the territory around Saint-Petersburg because of inappropriate scientific research (mass sampling, unsuccessful banding and experiments), and they still cannot reach the past condition. The bat longevity is caused by long periods of the inactive condition, slow reproduction rate, little light exposure. Concept of mutations accumulations have to be rejected. The following concept is proposed instead: senescence results from any change in organism, i. e. the changes of an organism are inevitable, are not always healthy, and are possible in definite directions, that is why they become unhealthy in a moment.

["Non-aging" pearl oyster and aging salmon (about lack of basis for production of medicines based on European pearl oyster Margaritifera margaritifera)].

The article focuses on disproof of the claim by Valery Ziuganov, that pearl oyster infection prolongs the lifespan of salmon and that pearl oyster can be used as a source of medicine. His activity on the production of medicine pretending to care cancer and senescence based on the gills of salmon infected by pearl oyster is blamed. The data on pearl oyster and salmon biology are presented: Atlantic salmon survives after spawning irrespectively of oyster infection. The problem of shady medicines production is discussed. It was shown that even Academic editions and formal attributes of the belonging to scientific community do not provide a necessary barrier to frauds in this field. Adaptationist program popularity contributes such a situation, because it provides "grounds" for any speculation concerning advantages of any biological process.

[Species senescence: fact or illusion?].

A brief review of the studies on "species senescence, was presented. The evidences on the existence of this phenomenon were analyzed (mass extinctions, "laws" of evolution). The mechanism of evolution, which could lead to "species senescence" was formulated: organisms inevitably tend to produce copies of themselves; organisms are incapable to produce their exact copies; species transform inevitably with the changes of generations even if they are already well adapted to their environment; such a continuous transformation takes place in definite directions because of physical and chemical constraints even if these directions lead to extinction.