ABSTRACT
The anti-mycobacterial activities of nine series of dicarboxyl and tricarboxyl dendritic amphiphiles with one alkyl, two alkyl, and cholestanyl tails against Mycobacterium abscessus, Mycobacterium avium, Mycobacterium chelonae, Mycobacterium marinum and Mycobacterium smegmatis have been measured. The dendritic amphiphiles overcame the limited aqueous solubility of natural long-chain fatty acids, alcohols, and amines to enable profiling the susceptibilities of the different mycobacterial species to the physicochemical properties of these amphiphiles. Several dendritic amphiphiles showed strong anti-mycobacterial activity with high critical micelle concentrations and low hemolytic activities thereby offering platforms for the development of antibiotics of higher activity against nontuberculous mycobacteria.
Subject(s)
Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology , Dendrimers/pharmacology , Nontuberculous Mycobacteria/drug effects , Anti-Bacterial Agents/chemistry , Biofilms/drug effects , Dendrimers/chemistry , Drug Evaluation, Preclinical/methods , Drug Resistance, Bacterial , Hemolysis/drug effects , Humans , Membrane Fluidity/drug effects , Micelles , Microbial Sensitivity Tests/methods , Mycobacterium avium/drug effects , Mycobacterium avium/growth & development , Mycobacterium avium/physiology , Nontuberculous Mycobacteria/classification , Nontuberculous Mycobacteria/growth & development , Nontuberculous Mycobacteria/physiology , Species Specificity , Structure-Activity Relationship , TemperatureABSTRACT
Homologous dicarboxyl dendritic amphiphiles-RCONHC(CH(3))(CH(2)CH(2)COOH)(2), 4(n); and ROCONHC(CH(3))(CH(2)CH(2)COOH)(2), 5(n), where R=n-C(n)H(2)(n)(+1) and n=13-22 carbon atoms-were synthesized. Critical micelle concentrations (CMCs) in aqueous triethanolamine solutions and at pH 7.4 were measured along with hemolytic activity (effective concentrations, EC(10)) in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). LogCMC showed a linear dependence on chain length (n); the longest chain in each series had the lowest CMC-in triethanolamine: 4(21), 180µM and 5(22), 74µM and at pH 7.4: 4(21), 78µM and 5(22), 33µM. These two series, 4(n) and 5(n), and three series of homologous tricarboxyl dendritic amphiphiles-RCONHC(CH(2)CH(2)COOH)(3), 1(n); ROCONHC(CH(2)CH(2)COOH)(3), 2(n); RNHCONHC(CH(2)CH(2)COOH)(3), 3(n), where R=n-C(n)H(2)(n)(+1) and n=13-22 carbon atoms-were tested for growth inhibition of Staphylococcus aureus strain ATCC 6358 and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) strain ATCC 43330 by microdilution in 0.1-strength brain heart infusion broth (BHIB). Amphiphiles 4(19), 4(21), 5(18), and 5(20) showed the strongest antibacterial activity (2.2-3.4µg/mL) against S. aureus (vancomycin, MIC=0.25µg/mL). These four plus 1(21), 2(20), 2(22), and 3(20) exhibited the strongest antibacterial activity (1.7-6.8µg/mL) against MRSA (vancomycin, MIC=0.25µg/mL). The MICs of these amphiphiles against six clinical MRSA were similar to those against the ATCC strain. In PBS, EC(10)s of the most active homologues ranged from 7 to 18µg/mL and 18 to 220µg/mL for di- and tricarboxyl dendritic amphiphiles, respectively. To assess the potential safety of using dendritic amphiphiles as drugs, measurements of micellar and hemolytic properties were conducted in the same medium (full-strength BHIB) that was used for antibacterial activity. The CMCs (9-36µg/mL, â¼18-72µM) of ten amphiphiles were measured by microdilution (log2 progression) with dye-covered beads. The EC(10)s were similar to those in PBS. The MICs of most amphiphiles (14-72µg/mL) and vancomycin (1.1-2.2µg/mL) against both S. aureus and MRSA increased significantly compared to the MICs measured in 0.1-strength BHIB. The one exception, 5(18), had an MIC against S. aureus of 1.1µg/mL compared to vancomycin (2.2µg/mL). With CMC (9-18µg/mL) and EC(10) (16µg/mL) values higher than the MIC, 5(18) was discovered as a lead for further development.
