Direct Transcatheter Valve Deployment via Sternotomy for Complex Aortic Valve Reoperation.

Reoperative aortic valve replacement is associated with increased morbidity. Valve-in-valve transcatheter aortic valve replacement offers a less invasive alternative to traditional reoperation. However, cases of valve failure after valve-in-valve transcatheter aortic valve replacement represent a complex surgical challenge. We present a case requiring a complex reoperative aortic valve replacement due to structural valve deterioration after multiple previous valve-in-valve transcatheter aortic valve replacements. We performed removal of 3 previous valve-in-valve transcatheter aortic valves, bioprosthetic leaflet excision, and intentional bioprosthetic fracture under direct vision for annular enlargement. This facilitated direct insertion of a new transcatheter aortic valve for expedient and successful management of recurrent aortic stenosis in a very high-risk patient. Creative use of leaflet excision, intentional bioprosthetic fracture, and insertion of a new transcatheter aortic valve under direct vision, proved efficient and successful in a high-risk patient with few surgical options.

Outcomes of delayed sternal closure after complex aortic surgery.

OBJECTIVE: Open chest management during complex proximal aortic surgery may sometimes be necessary. Infectious complications such as mediastinitis and late aortic graft infection remain a concern. The objective of this study was to report our experience with open chest management and delayed sternal closure after complex proximal aortic surgery. METHODS: Between 1991 and 2007, 12 patients (1.2%, 12/1011) required open chest management and delayed sternal closure. Eight patients were men (67%), with a mean age of 56 years (range 28-83 years). Four cases involved redo-median sternotomy (33%) and seven cases (58%) involved acute dissection. All procedures were performed using total cardiopulmonary bypass with profound hypothermic circulatory arrest. Reasons for open chest management included hemodynamic instability, mediastinal edema, bleeding, and respiratory compromise. RESULTS: In-hospital mortality was 16.7% (2/12). Delayed sternal closure was achieved in 92% of patients (11/12). Mean time to closure was 3 days (range 1-9 days). Five patients (42%) required one or more mediastinal explorations prior to final closure. Mean length of stay was 51 days (range 1-186 days). Significant predictors of open chest management were pump time (p<0.0001) and intra-operative blood transfusions (p<0.002). Mean follow-up was 60 months (range 8-106 months). No patients developed mediastinitis or aortic graft infection during postoperative follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: Open chest management with delayed sternal closure after complex aortic repairs may be performed with acceptable mortality. Open chest management does not appear to increase the risk of infectious complications (mediastinitis or graft infections) during complex proximal aortic replacement.

Intraoperative skeletal muscle ischemia contributes to risk of renal dysfunction following thoracoabdominal aortic repair.

OBJECTIVE: Renal dysfunction is among the most commonly occurring morbidities following descending thoracic and thoracoabdominal aortic repair. We hypothesized that myoglobin nephrotoxicity might arise from leg ischemia caused by femoral artery cannulation, which is required for distal aortic perfusion. Lacking complete historical laboratory data on myoglobinemia, we studied somatosensory evoked potential (SSEP) changes in the leg (a functional marker of leg ischemia), as a surrogate predictor of acute postoperative renal failure. METHODS: Intraoperative leg SSEP function and preoperative glomerular filtration rate (GFR - an essential covariate) were available for 299 patients. Change in SSEP was defined as 10% increase in latency or 50% decrease in amplitude. Postoperative renal dysfunction was 1mg/dl/day increase in creatinine for 2 days, clinical diagnosis of ARF or need for dialysis postoperatively. RESULTS: Change in SSEP in the cannulated leg occurred in 108/299 (36%) of cases intraoperatively. All recovered normal SSEP function at decannulation. Patients with SSEP changes had 41/108 (38%) postoperative renal failure compared to 49/191 (26%) without (odds ratio 1.8, p<0.03). Modeled with GFR, aneurysm extent, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), SSEP changes had an adjusted odds ratio of 1.9, p<0.03. Pre-op GFR was also a highly significant predictor of postoperative renal failure (OR 0.98/ml; p<0.0001). CONCLUSION: This is the first study to show a relationship between intraoperative leg ischemia and postoperative renal failure. It provides epidemiological evidence that the ischemic leg may be an important contributor to rhabdomyolysis-like renal morbidity after thoracoabdominal aortic surgery.

Multilevel somatosensory evoked potentials and cerebrospinal proteins: indicators of spinal cord injury in thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm surgery.

OBJECTIVE: Multilevel somatosensory evoked potentials (SSEP) and the release of biochemical markers in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) were investigated to identify patients with spinal cord ischemia during thoracoabdominal aortic repair and/or a vulnerable spinal cord during the postoperative period. METHODS: Thirty-nine consecutive patients undergoing elective aneurysm repair using distal aortic perfusion and cerebrospinal fluid drainage were studied. Continuous SSEP were monitored using nerve stimulation of the right and left posterior tibial nerves with signal recording at the level of both common peroneal nerves, the cervical cord and at the cortical level. CSF concentrations of the markers glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAp), the light subunit of neurofilament triplet protein (NFL), and S100B were determined at different time points from before surgery until 3 days postoperatively. RESULTS: SSEP indicated spinal cord ischemia in two patients leading to additional intercostal artery reattachments. In one of them the signal loss was permanent and the patient woke up with paraplegia. In the other the signal returned but the patient later developed delayed paraplegia. Three patients without SSEP indications of spinal cord ischemia during surgery later developed delayed paraplegia. The patients with spinal cord symptoms had significant increases, during the postoperative period of CSF biomarkers GFAp (571-fold), NFL (14-fold) and S100B (18-fold) compared to asymptomatic patients. GFAp increased before or in parallel to onset of symptoms in the patients with delayed paraplegia. CONCLUSIONS: Peroperative multilevel SSEP has a high specificity in detecting spinal cord ischemia but does not identify all patients with a postoperative vulnerable spinal cord. Biochemical markers in CSF increase too late for intraoperative monitoring but GFAp is promising for identifying patients at risk for postoperative delayed paraplegia.

Update on outcomes of acute type B aortic dissection.

BACKGROUND: The optimal treatment of acute type B aortic dissection remains controversial. This study reports early clinical outcomes of medical management for acute type B aortic dissection. METHODS: Between January 2001 and April 2006, data on 159 consecutive patients (55 women [35%]) with the confirmed diagnosis of acute type B aortic dissection were prospectively collected and analyzed. Mean age was 62 years (range, 29 to 94). On admission, all patients were initiated on an acute type B aortic dissection protocol with the intent to manage all patients medically. Indications for surgical intervention included rupture, aortic expansion, retrograde dissection, malperfusion (visceral, peripheral), and intractable pain. All patients were followed up after discharge with serial clinical and radiographic examinations. RESULTS: Overall hospital mortality was 8.8% (14/159): 17% (4/23) with procedural intervention, and 7.4% (10/136) when medical management was maintained. Early intervention was required in 23 patients (14.5%), of which 21 (13.2%) were open vascular/aortic procedures, and two (1.3%) were percutaneous aortic interventions. Morbidity included rupture (5.0%), stroke (5.0%), paraplegia (8.2%), bowel ischemia (5.7%), acute renal failure (20.1%), dialysis requirement (13.8%), and peripheral ischemia (3.8%). Mortality associated with complicated dissection (74/159) was 17%, and mortality associated with uncomplicated dissection (85/159) was 1.2% (p < 0.0003). Late vascular related procedures were performed in 11 (7.6%) of 144 cases (9 aortic, 2 peripheral vascular). The only independent risk factors for hospital mortality by multiple logistic regression analysis was rupture (p < 0.0009). Independent risk factors for mid-term death were history of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (p < 0.002) and glomerular filtration rate at admission (p < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: Medical management, especially for uncomplicated acute type B aortic dissection, is associated acceptable outcomes. This study provides current data for initial medical management of acute type B aortic dissection. Alternative strategies for the treatment of acute Type B aortic dissection should be compared with these results.

Acute type A aortic dissection complicated by stroke: can immediate repair be performed safely?

OBJECTIVE: Emergency surgical intervention for acute type A aortic dissection complicated by stroke remains controversial. The urgency of immediate repair in this setting is tempered by the concern that cerebral reperfusion may worsen neurologic outcome. The purpose of this study was to report and analyze our results with acute type A aortic dissection complicated by stroke. METHODS: Between September 1999 and March 2005, 151 consecutive patients presented with acute type A aortic dissection. Of this group, 16 (10.6%) patients had sustained a preoperative stroke. Mean age was 56 years (range 43-73 years), with 6 (38%) women. Right hemispheric, left hemispheric, and bilateral strokes occurred in 81%, 13%, and 6%, respectively. Computed tomographic scan or transesophageal echocardiography diagnosed aortic dissection; clinical examination, computed tomographic scan, or transcranial Doppler ultrasound diagnosed stroke. Aortic repair was performed with cardiopulmonary bypass, profound hypothermic circulatory arrest, and retrograde cerebral perfusion. One patient with complete neurologic devastation (coma) was not operated on. RESULTS: Overall hospital mortality was 18.8% (3/16). Mortality in 2 patients who did not undergo surgery (1 patient who was neurologically devastated, and 1 patient whose aorta ruptured while awaiting surgery) was 100% (2/2). Operative mortality was 7% (1/14). Among patients undergoing surgery, neurologic status completely recovered in 2 (14%) patients, improved in 6 (43%) patients, remained the same in 6 (43%) patients, and worsened in none. Median time from onset of stroke to surgery was 9 hours (range 1-240 hours). Eighty percent of patients who underwent surgical repair within 10 hours had improvement in neurologic status, where as none operated on beyond 10 hours improved (P < .02). CONCLUSIONS: In our experience, surgical repair of acute type A aortic dissection can be performed in the setting of preoperative stroke with acceptable mortality. Moreover, no worsening of neurologic condition was observed after surgical repair. Immediate surgical repair is warranted even if acute type A aortic dissection is complicated by stroke.

The hybrid elephant trunk procedure: a single-stage repair of an ascending, arch, and descending thoracic aortic aneurysm.

Surgical repair of extensive aortic aneurysms requires a two-stage approach. We present the case of a single-stage repair using a hybrid procedure. This case demonstrates the technical feasibility of repairing properly selected extensive aortic aneurysms in a single procedure.

Outcomes of medical management of acute type B aortic dissection.

BACKGROUND: Currently, the optimal treatment of acute type B aortic dissection remains controversial. The purpose of this study was to report early clinical outcomes of medical management for acute type B aortic dissection. METHODS AND RESULTS: Between January 2001 and March 2005, 129 consecutive patients with the confirmed diagnosis of acute type B aortic dissection were studied. Mean age was 61 years (range, 29 to 94), with 33.3% (43/129) female. Acute type B aortic dissection protocol was instituted with the intent to manage all patients medically. Indications for surgical intervention included rupture, aortic expansion, malperfusion, and intractable pain. All patients were followed-up after discharge. Hospital mortality was 10.1% (13/129), 19% (4/21) when vascular intervention was required, and 8.3% (9/108) when medical management was maintained. Early intervention was required in 21 cases (16.2%), 19 (14.7%) open vascular/aortic cases and 2 cases (1.6%) of percutaneous aortic interventions. Morbidity included rupture (4.7%), stroke (4.7%), paraplegia (8.5%), bowel ischemia (7%), acute renal failure (21%), dialysis requirement (13%), and peripheral ischemia (4.7%). Late vascular-related procedures were performed in 5.2% (6/116) of cases. Univariate risk factors for early mortality were rupture (P<0.0001), need for laparotomy (P<0.008), acute renal failure (P<0.0001), need for dialysis (P<0.0001), and lower extremity ischemia (P<0.0004). The only independent risk factors for hospital mortality by multiple logistic regression was rupture (P<0.0009), and independent risk factors for midterm death were history of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (P<0.002) and low glomerular filtration rate (<57 mL/min; P<0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: Medical management for acute type B aortic dissection is associated acceptable outcomes. Outcomes of other management strategies, eg, endovascular stenting, for acute type B aortic dissection need to be compared with these results.

Robotic replacement of the descending thoracic aorta: an alternative to endovascular therapy?

BACKGROUND: : Replacement of the descending thoracic aorta is traditionally performed via a left thoracotomy. Endovascular treatment of descending thoracic aortic aneurysms has recently evolved as an alternative treatment for selected patients, yet no long-term results are available. The authors replaced the descending thoracic aorta in a group of pigs with an interposition Dacron graft using a closed-chest, totally robotic technique. METHODS: : Ten pigs, weighing 25 to 45 kg, underwent surgery using the DaVinci robotic surgical system. Under single-lung ventilation and CO2 insufflation, the descending thoracic aorta was completely mobilized. Proximal and distal cross-clamps were applied through separate accessory stab wounds. The mid-descending thoracic aorta was excised. An interposition Dacron graft was robotically sewn in an end-to-end fashion to the descending thoracic aorta using interrupted nitinol clips. RESULTS: : All animals survived the procedure. Mean aortic clamp time was 55 ± 14 minutes. All anastomoses were completed without difficulty with a mean total anastomotic time of 42 ± 11 minutes. The anastomoses were challenged for bleeding by administrating α1-adrenergic receptor agonists to a systolic blood pressure of 200 mm Hg with no evidence of leak. DISCUSSION: : Robotic replacement of the thoracic aorta is feasible and reproducible. This procedure provides the standard Dacron graft repair with its known long-term results. The added value of robotic technology to the therapeutic armamentarium in the treatment of thoracic aortic aneurysms may be worth the effort required for procedural development. Furthermore, it may serve as a valid alternative to endovascular treatment of thoracic aortic aneurysms.

Surgical repair of extensive aortic aneurysms.

We present our 14-year experience in the management of extensive aortic aneurysms. Significant progress has been made in reducing the morbidity and mortality associated with these procedures. Our strategies for organ protection, operative techniques, including the elephant trunk technique, and surgical results are discussed.

Evolution of risk for neurologic deficit after descending and thoracoabdominal aortic repair.

BACKGROUND: Cross-clamp time has been reported to correlate with risk of neurologic deficit after thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm repair. Introduction of cerebrospinal fluid drainage and distal aortic perfusion (adjunct) has greatly reduced the incidence of neurologic deficit. We reevaluated the effect of cross-clamp time before and after introduction of adjunct during a 13-year period. METHODS: Between 1991 and 2004, we repaired 1,106 thoracic and thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysms. Four hundred one patients were female and 705 were male (median age, 67 years). Selective use of adjunct was begun in late 1992, with its routine use by 1993. RESULTS: Aortic cross-clamp times have increased significantly (34 seconds/year; p < 0.0001) since 1991. Despite this increase in cross-clamp time, neurologic deficit rates have declined from the first to the fourth quartile (p < 0.02). This decrease in neurologic deficit is most pronounced with the extent II thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysms (21.1% to 3.3%). The use of the adjunct increased the cross-clamp time by a mean of 12 minutes (p < 0.0001), but was associated with a significant protective effect against neurologic deficit (odds ratio = 0.4; p < 0.0002). Although other previously established risk factors remained significantly associated with neurologic deficit, cross-clamp time is no longer significant. CONCLUSIONS: Adjunct significantly reduced the risk of neurologic deficit, despite increasing cross-clamp time. The use of the adjunct appears to blunt the effect of the cross-clamp time and may provide the surgeon the ability to operate without being hurried. Because cross-clamp time has been effectively eliminated as a risk factor with the use of the adjunct, using this variable to construct risk models becomes irrelevant in our experience.

Descending thoracic aortic aneurysm repair: 12-year experience using distal aortic perfusion and cerebrospinal fluid drainage.

BACKGROUND: The benefit of distal aortic perfusion and cerebrospinal fluid drainage over the "clamp and sew" technique during repairs of the descending thoracic aorta is still being debated. The purpose of this report is to analyze our experience with regard to neurologic deficit (paraplegia and paraparesis) and mortality using the adjuncts of distal aortic perfusion and cerebrospinal fluid drainage. METHODS: Between February 1991 and September 2004, we repaired 355 descending thoracic aortic aneurysms. Excluded from analysis were 29 patients who required profound hypothermic circulatory arrest as a result of transverse arch involvement and 26 patients with aortic rupture, leaving a group of 300 patients for which outcomes were analyzed. Mean patient age was 67 years, and 102 (34%) of the patients were women. The adjunct group of distal aortic perfusion and cerebrospinal fluid drainage used in 238 (79.3%) patients was compared with a group of 62 patients who underwent simple cross-clamp with or without the addition of a single adjunct. Multivariable data were analyzed by Cox regression. RESULTS: The incidence of neurologic deficit after all repairs was 2.3% (7 of 300 patients). The incidence of neurologic deficit (immediate and delayed) in the adjunct group was 1.3% (3 of 238 patients), and in the nonadjunct group was 6.5% (4 of 62 patients; p < 0.02). One case of delayed paraplegia occurred in each group. All neurologic deficits occurred in patients with aneurysmal involvement of the entire descending thoracic aorta (extent C; p < 0.02). Statistically significant predictors for neurologic deficit were the use of the adjunct (odds ratio [OR], 0.19; p = 0.02), previous repaired abdominal aortic aneurysm (OR, 7.0; p = 0.005), type C aneurysm (OR, 13.73; p = 0.02), and cerebrovascular disease history (OR, 4.7; p < 0.03). Thirty-day mortality was 8% (24 of 300 patients). Significant multivariate predictors of 30-day mortality were preoperative renal dysfunction (OR, 4.6; p < 0.01) and female sex (OR, 2.9; p < 0.03). CONCLUSIONS: Repairs of the descending thoracic aorta using the adjunct of distal aortic perfusion and cerebrospinal fluid drainage can be performed with a low incidence of neurologic deficit and an acceptable mortality. The use of the adjuncts should be considered during elective repairs of the descending thoracic aorta.

Primary lymphoma of the aorta presenting as a descending thoracic aortic aneurysm.

We describe a case of primary lymphoma of the thoracic aorta that presented as an aneurysm of the descending thoracic aorta. The aortic tumor was successfully resected with 2-year disease-free survival.

Glomerular filtration rate is superior to serum creatinine for prediction of mortality after thoracoabdominal aortic surgery.

BACKGROUND: Clinically evident renal disease (dialysis, history of renal insufficiency, or serum creatinine >2.0 mg/dL) is a known risk factor for mortality after thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm repair. We extended this concept to the questions of whether subclinical renal disease is also a risk factor and how best to identify subclinical disease. We hypothesized that the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) would be a more sensitive determinant of renal function than serum creatinine alone. METHODS: Between 1991 and 2004, we repaired 1106 thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysms and descending thoracic aortic aneurysms. The median age was 67 years. There were 400 (36%) women and 706 (64%) men. We estimated GFR by using the Cockcroft-Gault equation. We divided baseline serum creatinine and baseline GFR into quartiles and estimated the association of the quartiles with 30-day postoperative mortality by chi2 testing. We further subdivided the population into patients with and without clinically evident renal disease and repeated the analysis in the patients without clinically apparent disease (n = 869). RESULTS: Clinically apparent renal disease was highly associated with 30-day mortality (odds ratio, 3.2; P < .0001). In all patients, serum creatinine quartile and GFR quartile were also both highly significantly associated with 30-day mortality (P < .0001). In patients without clinically apparent renal disease, both creatinine and GFR predicted additional mortality, but GFR was a much stronger predictor (P < .02 for creatinine vs < .0001 for GFR). In these patients, mortality ranged from 5% in the best GFR quartile to 27% in the worst. Taken as continuous variables in logistic regression equations, serum creatinine had no discrimination in patients without clinical disease (P = .73), whereas GFR remained strong (P < .0001). CONCLUSIONS: Preoperative renal function is an important determinant of early mortality even in patients without clinically evident disease. Estimated GFR is a much more powerful determinant of mortality risk than serum creatinine alone.

Correlations of cerebrospinal fluid pressure with hemodynamic parameters during thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm repair.

Central venous pressure (CVP) has long been thought to correlate with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pressure during thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm repair. We examined hemodynamic factors during thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm surgery to determine their relationship with CSF pressure and aortic cross-clamping. Hemodynamic parameters and CSF pressure were measured in 124 patients at six different stages during repair of descending thoracic or thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysms: skin incision, left lung collapse, pump on, aortic clamp on, aortic clamp off, and pump off. Stepwise multiple regression analysis was used for statistical analysis. CVP was a weak predictor for CSF pressure at the beginning of surgery and when the pump was initiated. At the onset of left lung collapse, cardiac output correlated with CSF pressure. There were no predictors during aortic cross-clamping. Model r2 values were low, ranging 0.03-0.15. We found no hemodynamic predictors of CSF pressure throughout the period of aortic cross-clamping during descending thoracic or thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm surgery. Model r2 values were low, indicating generally poor prediction of CSF pressure.

Cerebral monitoring with transcranial Doppler ultrasonography improves neurologic outcome during repairs of acute type A aortic dissection.

OBJECTIVE: Neurologic complications after repair of acute type A aortic dissection remain significant. The use of power M-mode transcranial Doppler monitoring to verify cerebral blood flow during these repairs might decrease cerebral ischemia by correcting malperfusion. The purpose of this study was to analyze the use of power M-mode transcranial Doppler monitoring during repairs of acute type A dissection with regard to neurologic outcome. METHODS: We performed a prospective study of patients undergoing repairs of acute type A aortic dissection. Repairs included profound hypothermic circulatory arrest and retrograde cerebral perfusion. Patients in whom transcranial Doppler monitoring was used to monitor cerebral blood flow and modify operative technique during repair (study group) were compared with those without monitoring and modification (control group). RESULTS: Between September 2001 and October 2003, we repaired 56 cases of acute type A dissection. Power M-mode transcranial Doppler monitoring was used in 50% (28/56) of cases. Power M-mode transcranial Doppler monitoring altered operative cannulation and guided retrograde cerebral perfusion flow in 28.5% (8/28) and 78.6% (22/28) of cases, respectively. Two patients presented with preoperative stroke, one in each group. One operative death occurred in each group. In-hospital mortality and the occurrence of new stroke were not significantly different between the 2 groups. Temporary neurologic dysfunction occurred less often in the study group (14.8% [4/27] vs 51.8% [14/27], P = .008). CONCLUSIONS: Identification of cerebral malperfusion requires cerebral monitoring. By ensuring cerebral blood flow by using power M-mode transcranial Doppler monitoring and correcting cerebral malperfusion by modifying operative technique, neurologic outcome was improved during repairs of acute type A aortic dissection.

Superior vena caval bypass using the superficial femoral vein for treatment of superior vena cava syndrome.

We present the case of a 71-year-old woman who had benign, symptomatic, superior vena cava syndrome that was treated with open surgical bypass using the superficial femoral vein. The patient had an uneventful hospital course and experienced relief of her symptoms. We conclude that the superficial femoral vein is an acceptable bypass conduit for open surgical management of superior vena cava syndrome.

Staged repair of extensive aortic aneurysms: long-term experience with the elephant trunk technique.

OBJECTIVE: This paper reports our experience of a large series of elephant trunk patients accumulated over 12 years. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: Extensive aneurysms of the ascending/arch and descending thoracic or thoracoabdominal aorta are significant surgical problems that have potential for great morbidity. We adopted a staged approach known as the elephant trunk procedure in 1991, and we have used it with some modifications since that time. METHODS: Between February 1991 and December 2003, we performed 1660 operations for ascending/arch or descending thoracic/thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysms. Of these, 321 operations were performed in 218 patients for extensive aneurysms with the elephant trunk technique. We performed 218 ascending/arch repairs and 103 descending thoracic or thoracoabdominal aortic replacements. RESULTS: In 218 ascending/arch repairs, strokes occurred in 3 of 218 (2.7%) patients, with 1 of 187 (0.5%) in the retrograde cerebral perfusion group and 2 of 31 (6.5%) in the no-retrograde cerebral perfusion group (odds ratio 0.08, P < 0.009). Thirty-day mortality for this group was 19 of 218 (8.7%). Among 199 recovering patients after stage 1 repair, 4 of 199 (2%) died during the 30-day to 6-week interval between stages. After stage 2 repair, 0 of 103 patients experienced immediate neurologic deficit, and 10 of 103 (9.7%) died within 30 days of surgery. Actuarial survival after completed stage 2 was 71% at 5 years. CONCLUSION: Despite extreme underlying disease, long-term survival is excellent in patients with extensive aneurysms when both stages of repair are completed. To prevent rupture, the second stage should be completed as soon as the patient's condition permits, preferably within 6 weeks.