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1.
Sci Rep ; 8(1): 6111, 2018 04 17.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29666450

ABSTRACT

Associations between HLA class I alleles and HIV progression in populations exhibiting Amerindian and Caucasian genetic admixture remain understudied. Using univariable and multivariable analyses we evaluated HLA associations with five HIV clinical parameters in 3,213 HIV clade B-infected, ART-naïve individuals from Mexico and Central America (MEX/CAM cohort). A Canadian cohort (HOMER, n = 1622) was used for comparison. As expected, HLA allele frequencies in MEX/CAM and HOMER differed markedly. In MEX/CAM, 13 HLA-A, 24 HLA-B, and 14 HLA-C alleles were significantly associated with at least one clinical parameter. These included previously described protective (e.g. B*27:05, B*57:01/02/03 and B*58:01) and risk (e.g. B*35:02) alleles, as well as novel ones (e.g. A*03:01, B*15:39 and B*39:02 identified as protective, and A*68:03/05, B*15:30, B*35:12/14, B*39:01/06, B*39:05~C*07:02, and B*40:01~C*03:04 identified as risk). Interestingly, both protective (e.g. B*39:02) and risk (e.g. B*39:01/05/06) subtypes were identified within the common and genetically diverse HLA-B*39 allele group, characteristic to Amerindian populations. While HLA-HIV associations identified in MEX and CAM separately were similar overall (Spearman's rho = 0.33, p = 0.03), region-specific associations were also noted. The identification of both canonical and novel HLA/HIV associations provides a first step towards improved understanding of HIV immune control among unique and understudied Mestizo populations.


Subject(s)
HIV Infections/genetics , HIV-1/isolation & purification , HLA Antigens/genetics , Adult , Canada/epidemiology , Central America/epidemiology , Cohort Studies , Female , Gene Frequency , Genetics, Population , Genotype , HIV Infections/epidemiology , Humans , Linkage Disequilibrium , Male , Mexico/epidemiology , Polymorphism, Genetic , Young Adult
2.
AIDS ; 31(14): 1935-1943, 2017 09 10.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28650381

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: Long-acting rilpivirine is a candidate for preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP) for prevention of HIV-1 infection. However, rilpivirine resistance mutations at reverse transcriptase codon 138 (E138X) occur naturally in a minority of HIV-1-infected persons; in particular those expressing human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-B18 where reverse transcriptase-E138X arises as an immune escape mutation. We investigate the global prevalence, B18-linkage and replicative cost of reverse transcriptase-E138X and its regional implications for rilpivirine PrEP. METHODS: We analyzed linked reverse transcriptase-E138X/HLA data from 7772 antiretroviral-naive patients from 16 cohorts spanning five continents and five HIV-1 subtypes, alongside unlinked global reverse transcriptase-E138X and HLA frequencies from public databases. E138X-containing HIV-1 variants were assessed for in-vitro replication as a surrogate of mutation stability following transmission. RESULTS: Reverse transcriptase-E138X variants, where the most common were rilpivirine resistance-associated mutations E138A/G/K, were significantly enriched in HLA-B18-positive individuals globally (P = 3.5 × 10) and in all HIV-1 subtypes except A. Reverse transcriptase-E138X and B18 frequencies correlated positively in 16 cohorts with linked HIV/HLA genotypes (Spearman's R = 0.75; P = 7.6 × 10) and in unlinked HIV/HLA data from 43 countries (Spearman's R = 0.34, P = 0.02). Notably, reverse transcriptase-E138X frequencies approached (or exceeded) 10% in key epidemic regions (e.g. sub-Saharan Africa, Southeastern Europe) where B18 is more common. This, along with the observation that reverse transcriptase-E138X variants do not confer in-vitro replicative costs, supports their persistence, and ongoing accumulation in circulation over time. CONCLUSIONS: Results illustrate the potential for a natural immune-driven HIV-1 polymorphism to compromise antiretroviral-based prevention, particularly in key epidemic regions. Regional reverse transcriptase-E138X surveillance should be undertaken before use of rilpivirine PrEP.


Subject(s)
Anti-Retroviral Agents/pharmacology , Drug Resistance, Viral , HIV Infections/prevention & control , HIV-1/immunology , Immune Evasion , Mutation, Missense , Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis , Global Health , HIV Infections/virology , HIV Reverse Transcriptase/genetics , HIV-1/enzymology , HIV-1/genetics , HLA-B18 Antigen/genetics , Humans , Polymorphism, Genetic , Rilpivirine/pharmacology
3.
Infect Genet Evol ; 54: 98-107, 2017 10.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28645708

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Migration and travel are major drivers of the spread of infectious diseases. Geographic proximity and a common language facilitate travel and migration in Mesoamerica, which in turn could affect the spread of HIV in the region. METHODS: 6092 HIV-1 subtype B partial pol sequences sampled from unique antiretroviral treatment-naïve individuals from Mexico (40.7%), Guatemala (24.4%), Honduras (19%), Panama (8.2%), Nicaragua (5.5%), Belize (1.4%), and El Salvador (0.7%) between 2011 and 2016 were included. Phylogenetic and genetic network analyses were performed to infer putative relationships between HIV sequences. The demographic and geographic associations with clustering were analyzed and viral migration patterns were inferred using the Slatkin-Maddison approach on 100 iterations of random subsets of equal number of sequences per location. RESULTS: A total of 1685/6088 (27.7%) of sequences linked with at least one other sequence, forming 603 putative transmission clusters (range: 2-89 individuals). Clustering individuals were significantly more likely to be younger (median age 29 vs 33years, p<0.01) and men-who-have-sex-with-men (40.4% vs 30.3%, p<0.01). Of the 603 clusters, 30 (5%) included sequences from multiple countries with commonly observed linkages between Mexican and Honduran sequences. Eight of the 603 clusters included >10 individuals, including two comprised exclusively of Guatemalans (52 and 89 individuals). Phylogenetic and migration analyses suggested that the Central and Southern regions of Mexico along with Belize were major sources of HIV throughout the region (p<0.01) with genetic flow southward from Mexico to the other nations of Mesoamerica. We also found evidence of significant viral migration within Mexico. CONCLUSION: International clusters were infrequent, suggesting moderate migration between HIV epidemics of the different Mesoamerican countries. Nevertheless, we observed important sources of transnational HIV spread in the region, including Southern and Central Mexico and Belize.


Subject(s)
HIV Infections , HIV-1/genetics , Adult , Central America/epidemiology , Female , HIV Infections/epidemiology , HIV Infections/transmission , HIV Infections/virology , Humans , Male , Mexico/epidemiology , Molecular Epidemiology , Young Adult
4.
PLoS One ; 11(10): e0164156, 2016.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27736898

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Increasing HIV pre-treatment drug resistance (PDR) levels have been observed in regions with increasing antiretroviral treatment (ART) coverage. However, data is lacking for several low/middle-income countries. We present the first PDR survey in Nicaragua since ART introduction in the country in 2003. METHODS: HIV-infected, ART-naïve Nicaraguan individuals were enrolled at Roberto Calderón Hospital, the largest national HIV referral center, from 2011 to 2015. HIV pol sequences were obtained at a WHO-accredited laboratory in Mexico by Sanger and next generation sequencing (NGS). PDR was assessed using the WHO surveillance drug resistance mutation (SDRM) list and the Stanford HIVdb tool. RESULTS: 283 individuals were enrolled in the study. The overall PDR prevalence based on the list of SDRMs was 13.4%. Using the Stanford HIVdb tool, overall PDR reached 19.4%; with both nucleoside and non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI and NNRTI) PDR levels independently reaching moderate levels (6.7% and 11.3% respectively). Protease inhibitor PDR was low (2.8%). Using NGS with 2% threshold to detect SDRMs, PDR increased to 25.3%. K103N and M41L were the most frequent SDRMs and were present mostly in proportions >20% in each individual. A significant temporal increase in NNRTI PDR was observed (p = 0.0422), with no apparent trends for other drug classes. Importantly, PDR to zidovudine + lamivudine + efavirenz and tenofovir + emtricitabine + efavirenz, the most widely used first-line regimens in Nicaragua, reached 14.6% and 10.4% respectively in 2015. Of note, a higher proportion of females was observed among individuals with PDR compared to individuals without PDR (OR 14.2; 95% CI: 7.1-28.4; p<0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: Overall PDR in the Nicaraguan cohort was high (19.4%), with a clear increasing temporal trend in NNRTI PDR. Current HIVDR to the most frequently used first-line ART regimens in Nicaragua reached levels >10%. These observations are worrisome and need to be evidenced to strengthen the national HIV program. Also, our observations warrant further nationally representative HIVDR surveillance studies and encourage other countries to perform national surveys. Cost-effectiveness studies are suggested to analyze the feasibility of implementation of baseline HIV genotyping as well as to review the choice of first-line ART regimens in Nicaragua.


Subject(s)
Anti-HIV Agents/pharmacology , Drug Resistance, Viral , HIV Infections/virology , HIV/genetics , pol Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus/genetics , Adult , Female , HIV/drug effects , High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing , Humans , Male , Mutation Rate , Nicaragua , Sequence Analysis, RNA
5.
Enferm. Infecc. microbiol ; 15(3): 132-4, mayo-jun. 1995.
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-167949

ABSTRACT

La infección por el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH) y el síndrome de inmunodeficiencia adquirida (SIDA) se asocian con sarcoma de Kaposi y linfoma no Hodgkin. Recientemente, el cáncer de cérvix también se ha incluido como un evento diagnóstico de SIDA. Se ha ovservado que otros procesos neoplásicos se presentan con mayor frecuencia o con una invasividad poco frecuente en la población con infección por VIH. Se hace una revisión actualizada de la posible asociación de neoplasias diferentes a sarcoma de kaposi y linfoma no Hodgkin en los pacientes con infección por VIH y SIDA


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections , HIV Infections/complications , Liver Neoplasms , Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin , Papillomaviridae/pathogenicity , Sarcoma, Kaposi/etiology , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/complications , Uterine Cervical Neoplasms
6.
Managua; Hospital Bertha Calderón Roque; 1991. 83 p. tab.
Monography in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-171152

ABSTRACT

El presente estudio se planteó como objetivos establecer las premisas que debe poseer la relación médico-paciente durante el trabajo de parto. La primera fase investigativa consistió en la realización de encuestas a médicos de tres hospitales en Managua y encuestas a embarazadas en tercer trimestre de gestación que acudieron a control prenatal en tres centros de salud. En la segunda fase investigativa, se estableció la adecuación de la relación en las salas de emergencia, de labor y expulsivo de los centros hospitalarios durante el período de agosto a septiembre de 1991. El estudio determinó que existe un alto índice de relaciones inadecuadas entre el médico y la mujer durante el parto. Se presentan recomendaciones dirigidas a la introducción de aspectos sociales de la medicina relacionadas de manera específica con las mujeres en estado de gravidez en el plan docente hospitalario de la especialidad de gineco-obstetricia. Además, se recomienda la formación de comités de ética hospitalaria y de supervisión de los aspectos relacionados con el problema


Subject(s)
Ethics , Hospitals , Nicaragua , Parturition , Physician-Patient Relations , Pregnancy , Women/psychology
7.
s.l; Hospital Manolo Morales Peralta; 1990. 38 p. ilus, tab.
Monography in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-99605

ABSTRACT

Investigación prospectiva, multicentrica, tipo encuesta que se realizó al personal de dos hospitales médico quirúrgico de la región III que son: Hospital Manolo Morales y Hospital Carlos Marx sobre el SIDA, del 9 de Julio-22 septiembre 1990. La muestra es de 236 trabajadores de la salud de diferentes perfiles. Se evalúan: agente causal y pronóstico, medidas de prevención, medios de aquisición de los conocimientos y se determina el porcentaje de trabajadores que creen ameritar test diagnóstico para SIDA. En resultados globales los encuestados expresan no saber sobre el agente causal y pronostico del SIDA; el 83% identificó que la enfermedad era producida por un virus, pero un 16.9% y un 2.5% identificaron como agente causal a las bacterias y hongos respectivamente y otra parte señalaron que la enfermedad era producida hasta por 2 gérmenes diferentes. En cuanto a vías de transmisión, factores de riesgo, manifestaciones clínicas, más del 90% en estos aspectos fueron señalados correctamente, y las medidas de prevención más citadas son educación a la población (94.1%) y el uso de condones (94.0%), el medio más utilizado para saber del tema fueron los programas del MINSA (79%) y los periódicos (69.1%) y el 64% del personal considera que ameritan la realización de un test diagnostico para SIDA (detección de VIH). Los médicos, enfermeras y personal de laboratorio mostraron un status mayor de dominio del tema. Se observó menor dominio en cuanto al agente causal y manifestaciones clínicas de la enfermedad. Concluye que el personal encuestado del Hospital Carlos Marx demostró mayor grado de conocimiento que el del Hospital Manolo Morales


Subject(s)
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome , Hospital Statistics , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome , Hospital Statistics , Nicaragua
8.
s.l; Nicaragua. Ministerio de Salud; 1990. 33 p. ilus.
Monography in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-99606

ABSTRACT

Evalúa el cumplimento de 887 medicamentos plasmados en las indicaciones médicas de 383 pacientes de los servicios de medicina, cirugía y ortopedia del Hospital Manolo Morales de Junio a Septiembre 1990Analiza los medicamentos por vía oral, parenteral, tópica o rectal, a excepción de soluciones de infu-intravenosa con electrolitos o dextrosa. La evaluación se realiza en: Hoja de control de medicamentos (HCM), Tarjeta de control de medicamentos (TCM). El paciente con parametros de aplicación del farmaco, dosis administrada del farmaco, intervalo de dosis y por ultimo factores que pudieron infuir en la magnitud de la ejecución. Resulto que el farmaco no se cumplió en 14.1% de los (HCM), incrementándose a 21.4% en TCM) y 33.3% en el reporte de los pacientes, éstos datos revelan que se administró el 78.2% por (TCM) y un 65.2% por reporte de los pacientes de los medicamentos ortdenados en el Plan Médico. Se efectuó una dosis del medicamento ordenado de un 69.6% por T de M y de un 56.5% por reporte de pacientes de las dosis indicadas. Del total de medicamentos 94 (10.6%) no se llevo a cabo en los 3 parámetros a evaluar por no haber en la farmacia del hospital. Se observó mejor ejecución durante los fines de semana que en los dias ordinarios en los 3 parámetros a evaluar y una mejor administración del farmaco durante el turno 9/6, aplicándose más bien el tratamiento en los servicios de medicina de varones y mujeres


Subject(s)
Medical Assistance , Pharmacy Service, Hospital , Medical Assistance , Nicaragua
9.
Managua; s.n; 1990. [50] p. tab, graf.
Thesis in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-543010

ABSTRACT

Estudio que evalúa el grado de conocimiento sibre el SIDA, del personal hospitalario en los hospitales Manolo Morales Peralta y Hospital Carlos Marx de Managua. Se realizaron 236 encuestas a igual número de trabajadores de la salud de diferentes perfiles. En esta encuesta se evaluó el conocimiento del personal sobre el agente causal y pronóstico, vías de transmisión, factores de riesgo, cuadro clínico, medidas de prevención, medio de adquisición de los conocimientos. Además, se determina el porcentaje de trabajadores que creen ameritar test diagnóstico para el SIDA. Se concluye que el conocimiento acerca del SIDA es adecuado en un 80 porciento pero se recomienda reforzarlos en los aspectos y grupos encuestados que mostraron desconocimiento acerca de la enfermedad: personal de rayos X, salas de operaciones y auxiliares enfermería; etiología, cuadro clínico y pronóstico.


Subject(s)
AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections , Quality of Health Care/standards , Outcome Assessment, Health Care , Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice , Personnel, Hospital , Delivery of Health Care/trends , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/epidemiology
10.
Managua; s.n; 1990. [50] p. tab, graf.
Thesis in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-543032

ABSTRACT

Estudio que evalúa el grado de conocimiento sibre el SIDA, del personal hospitalario en los hospitales Manolo Morales Peralta y Hospital Carlos Marx de Managua. Se realizaron 236 encuestas a igual número de trabajadores de la salud de diferentes perfiles. En esta encuesta se evaluó el conocimiento del personal sobre el agente causal y pronóstico, vías de transmisión, factores de riesgo, cuadro clínico, medidas de prevención, medio de adquisición de los conocimientos. Además, se determina el porcentaje de trabajadores que creen ameritar test diagnóstico para el SIDA. Se concluye que el conocimiento acerca del SIDA es adecuado en un 80 porciento pero se recomienda reforzarlos en los aspectos y grupos encuestados que mostraron desconocimiento acerca de la enfermedad: personal de rayos X, salas de operaciones y auxiliares enfermería; etiología, cuadro clínico y pronóstico.


Subject(s)
AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections , Quality of Health Care/standards , Outcome Assessment, Health Care , Quality Assurance, Health Care , Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice , Personnel, Hospital , Delivery of Health Care/trends , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/epidemiology
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