The initial maturation status of marmoset testicular tissues has an impact on germ cell maintenance and somatic cell response in tissue fragment culture.

Successful in vitro spermatogenesis was reported using immature mouse testicular tissues in a fragment culture approach, raising hopes that this method could also be applied for fertility preservation in humans. Although maintaining immature human testicular tissue fragments in culture is feasible for an extended period, it remains unknown whether germ cell survival and the somatic cell response depend on the differentiation status of tissue. Employing the marmoset monkey (Callithrix jacchus), we aimed to assess whether the maturation status of prepubertal and peri-/pubertal testicular tissues influence the outcome of testis fragment culture. Testicular tissue fragments from 4- and 8-month-old (n = 3, each) marmosets were cultured and evaluated after 0, 7, 14, 28 and 42 days. Immunohistochemistry was performed for identification and quantification of germ cells (melanoma-associated antigen 4) and Sertoli cell maturation status (anti-Müllerian hormone: AMH). During testis fragment culture, spermatogonial numbers were significantly reduced (P < 0.05) in the 4- but not 8-month-old monkeys, at Day 0 versus Day 42 of culture. Moreover, while Sertoli cells from 4-month-old monkeys maintained an immature phenotype (i.e. AMH expression) during culture, AMH expression was regained in two of the 8-month-old monkeys. Interestingly, progression of differentiation to later meiotic stage was solely observed in one 8-month-old marmoset, which was at an intermediate state regarding germ cell content, with gonocytes as well as spermatocytes present, as well as Sertoli cell maturation status. Although species-specific differences might influence the outcome of testis fragment experiments in vitro, our study demonstrated that the developmental status of the testicular tissues needs to be considered as it seems to be decisive for germ cell maintenance, somatic cell response and possibly the differentiation potential.

Assessment of fresh and cryopreserved testicular tissues from (pre)pubertal boys during organ culture as a strategy for in vitro spermatogenesis.

STUDY QUESTION: Can the organ culture method be applied to both fresh and cryopreserved human (pre)pubertal testicular tissue as a strategy for in vitro spermatogenesis? SUMMARY ANSWER: Although induction of spermatogenesis was not achieved in vitro, testicular architecture, endocrine function and spermatogonial proliferation were maintained in both fresh and cryopreserved testicular tissues. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY: Cryopreservation of a testicular biopsy is increasingly offered as a fertility preservation strategy for prepubertal cancer patients. One of the proposed experimental approaches to restore fertility is the organ culture method, which, in the mouse model, successfully allows for in vitro development of spermatozoa from testicular biopsies. However, complete spermatogenesis from human prepubertal testicular tissue in such an organ culture system has not been demonstrated. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION: Testicular tissue was collected from nine (pre)pubertal boys diagnosed with cancer (ranging from 6 to 14 years of age) admitted for fertility preservation before treatment. Testicular biopsies were either immediately processed for culture or first cryopreserved, using a controlled slow freezing protocol, and thawed before culture. Organ culture of testicular fragments was performed in two different media for a maximum period of 5 weeks, targeting early cellular events (viability, meiosis and somatic differentiation) in vitro. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS: Fresh and cryopreserved-thawed testis fragments (1-2 mm3) were cultured at a gas-liquid interphase (34°C, 5% CO2) in Minimum Essential Medium alpha + 10% knock-out serum replacement medium containing 10-7 M melatonin and 10-6 M retinoic acid, with or without 3 IU/L FSH/LH supplementation. The effect of culture conditions on testicular fragments was weekly assessed by histological evaluation of germ cell development and immunohistochemical identification of spermatogonia (using MAGEA4), proliferative status of spermatogonia and Sertoli cells (using proliferating cell nuclear antigen [PCNA]), intratubular cell apoptosis (by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labelling) and Sertoli cells maturation (using Anti-Müllerian Hormone [AMH] versus Androgen Receptor [AR]). Additionally, Leydig cells' functionality was determined by measuring testosterone concentration in the culture media supernatants. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE: Neither fresh nor cryopreserved human (pre)pubertal testicular fragments were able to initiate spermatogenesis in our organ culture system. Nonetheless, our data suggest that fresh and cryopreserved testicular fragments have comparable functionality in the described organ culture conditions, as reflected by the absence of significant differences in any of the weekly evaluated functional parameters. Additionally, no significant differences were found between the two tested media when culturing fresh and cryopreserved human testicular fragments. Although spermatogonia survived and remained proliferative in all culture conditions, a significant reduction of the spermatogonial population (P ≤ 0.001) was observed over the culture period, justified by a combined reduction of proliferation activity (P ≤ 0.001) and increased intratubular cell apoptosis (P ≤ 0.001). We observed a transient increase in Sertoli cell proliferative activity, loss of AMH expression (P ≤ 0.001) but no induction of AR expression. Leydig cell endocrine function was successfully stimulated in vitro as indicated by increased testosterone production in all conditions throughout the entire culture period (P ≤ 0.02). LARGE SCALE DATA: N/A. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION: Although not noticeable in this study, we cannot exclude that if an optimized culture method ensuring complete spermatogenesis in human testicular fragments is established, differences in functional or spermatogenic efficiency between fresh and cryopreserved tissue might be found. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS: The current inability to initiate spermatogenesis in vitro from cryopreserved human testicular fragments should be included in the counselling of patients who are offered testicular tissue cryopreservation to preserve fertility. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S): This project was funded by EU-FP7-PEOPLE-2013-ITN 603568 `Growsperm'. None of the authors have competing interests. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: Not applicable.

Effect of sodium reduction and flavor enhancer addition on probiotic Prato cheese processing.

The effect of partial substitution of NaCl with KCl and the flavor enhancers addition (arginine, yeast extract and oregano extract) on Probiotic Prato cheese processing with (L. casei 01, 7logCFU/mL) was investigated. Microbiological (lactic acid bacteria and probiotic counts), physicochemical (proximate composition, pH, proteolysis), bioactivity (antioxidant and angiotensin I-converting enzyme inhibitory activity), rheological (uniaxial compression and creep tests), water mobility (time domain low field magnetic resonance), microstructure (scanning electron microscopy) and sensory evaluation (consumer test) were performed. Sodium reduction and flavor enhancers addition did not constitute an obstacle to the survival of lactic and probiotic bacteria. Proximate composition, antioxidant and angiotensin I-converting enzyme inhibitory activity, and the rheological parameters were affected by the addition of flavor enhancer. No change in the fatty acid profile of cheeses was observed while good performance in the consumer test was obtained by the addition of yeast extract and oregano extract. Prato cheese can be an adequate carrier of probiotics and the addition of different flavor enhancers can contribute developing this functional product in the cheese industry.

High glucose concentrations per se do not adversely affect human sperm function in vitro.

Diabetes mellitus (DM) represents one of the greatest concerns to global health and it is associated with diverse clinical complications, including reproductive dysfunction. Given the multifactorial nature of DM, the mechanisms that underlie reproductive dysfunction remain unclear. Considering that hyperglycemia has been described as a major effector of the disease pathophysiology, we used an in vitro approach to address the isolated effect of high glucose conditions on human sperm function, thus avoiding other in vivo confounding players. We performed a complete and integrated analysis by measuring a variety of important indicators of spermatozoa functionality (such as motility, viability, capacitation status, acrosomal integrity, mitochondrial superoxide production and membrane potential) in human sperm samples after incubation with d- and l-glucose (5, 25, or 50 mM) for 24 and 48 h. No direct effects promoted by 25 or 50 mM d-glucose were found for any of the parameters assessed (P>0.05), except for the acrosome reaction, which was potentiated after 48 h of exposure to 50 mM d-glucose (P<0.05). Interestingly, non-metabolizable l-glucose drastically increased superoxide production (P<0.05) and suppressed sperm motility (P<0.05) and capacitation (P<0.05) after 24 h of treatment, whereas mitochondrial membrane potential (P<0.05), acrosomal integrity (P<0.01) and viability (P<0.05) were later decreased. The overall results suggest that high glucose levels per se do not influence human sperm function in vitro, which stresses the importance of other factors involved in DM pathology. Nevertheless, the absence of metabolizable glucose contributes to a severe impairment of sperm function and thus compromises male fertility.

Intramuscular midazolam versus intravenous diazepam for treatment of seizures in the pediatric emergency department: a randomized clinical trial.

AIM: To compare the therapeutic efficacy of intramuscular midazolam (MDZ-IM) with that of intravenous diazepam (DZP-IV) for seizures in children. DESIGN: Randomized clinical trial. SETTING: Pediatric emergency department. PATIENTS: Children aged 2 months to 14 years admitted to the study facility with seizures. INTERVENTION: Patients were randomized to receive DZP-IV or MDZ-IM. MAIN MEASUREMENTS: Groups were compared with respect to time to treatment start (min), time from drug administration to seizure cessation (min), time to seizure cessation (min), and rate of treatment failure. Treatment was considered successful when seizure cessation was achieved within 5min of drug administration. RESULTS: Overall, 32 children (16 per group) completed the study. Intravenous access could not be obtained within 5min in four patients (25%) in the DZP-IV group. Time from admission to active treatment and time to seizure cessation was shorter in the MDZ-IM group (2.8 versus 7.4min; p<0.001 and 7.3 versus 10.6min; p=0.006, respectively). In two children per group (12.5%), seizures continued after 10min of treatment, and additional medications were required. There were no between-group differences in physiological parameters or adverse events (p=0.171); one child (6.3%) developed hypotension in the MDZ-IM group and five (31%) developed hyperactivity or vomiting in the DZP-IV group. CONCLUSION: Given its efficacy and ease and speed of administration, intramuscular midazolam is an excellent option for treatment of childhood seizures, enabling earlier treatment and shortening overall seizure duration. There were no differences in complications when applying MDZ-IM or DZP-IV.

Percepción de los residentes de medicina familiar sobre sus errores clínicos tras dos años de formación / Perception of the errors made by family medicine residents after 2 years of training

Objetivo. Describir cómo perciben y abordan los residentes de medicina familiar y comunitaria sus errores clínicos. Material y métodos. Diseño: estudio descriptivo, transversal mediante encuesta. Emplazamiento: atención primaria. Centros de salud docentes de la Unidad Docente de Medicina Familiar y Comunitaria de Murcia. Participantes: todos los residentes (27) de la promoción de 2007 a 2011, tras 2 años de formación. Mediciones principales: encuesta autocumplimentada de 11 preguntas, distribuida y recogida en persona, con cuatro opciones de respuesta, manuscrita, que se respondía de forma anónima. Resultados. Respondieron todos los residentes (27). El 100% de los residentes creen que todos los médicos cometen errores al atender a sus pacientes. El 88,9% cree que en el tiempo que llevan de ejercicio profesional han cometido algún error clínico. El 62,9% reconoce haber cometido algún error en los últimos 2 meses. Un 96,3% piensa que es posible cometer errores y no ser conscientes de ello. Y el 70,3% cree que es cierto que pensamos que hemos cometido menos errores de los que se producen realmente. Conclusiones. Los residentes son conscientes de haber cometido errores clínicos, incluidos algunos graves (el 22,2%). El 11,1% opina que alguno de esos errores han tenido repercusión importante sobre la salud de sus pacientes. Y el 48,1% cree que esos errores han tenido repercusión importante para ellos. Todos han aprendido de sus errores. También identifican algunas repercusiones de los errores, y el 77,7% dice saber que hacer para evitar los errores (AU)

Objective. To describe how Family and Community Medicine residents perceive and deal with their clinical errors. Material and methods. Design: A descriptive, cross-sectional study using a questionnaire. Setting: Primary Care. Teaching Health Centres of the Family and Community Medicine Teaching Unit of Murcia (Spain). Participants: All residents (27) who qualified from 2007 to 2011, after two years training. Main measurements: A self-completed questionnaire of 11 questions with four response options, distributed and collected in person, hand-written and anonymous. Results. All 27 residents responded. All (100%) residents believe that all doctors made errors when attending their patients. A total of 88.9% believed that they had made some clinical error in the time they had practiced their profession, and 62.9% knew that they had made some error in the last 2 months. Almost all (96.3%) thought that it was possible to make mistakes and not be aware of them, and 70.3% believe that it was certain that we think that we have made fewer mistakes than are actually produced. Conclusions. The residents were aware of having made clinical errors, including some serious ones (22.2%). Some of them (11.1%) believe that some of these errors have had significant repercussions on the health of their patients. Almost half (48.1%) believe that these errors have had significant repercussions for themselves. All have learned from their errors. They also identified some of the repercussions of their errors, and 77.7% said they knew what to do to avoid errors (AU)

Portable pilot plant for evaluating marine biofouling growth and control in heat exchangers-condensers.

Biofouling frequently involves a serious impediment to achieving optimum operating conditions in heat exchangers-condensers. The economic coat and energy losses associated with this phenomenon are significant and the environmental impact of biocides must satisfy stringent regulations. A portable pilot plant has been designed in order to carry out in-situ experimental study as biofilm is formed under thermal and hydrodynamically controlled conditions. The pilot plant has an automatic monitoring, control and data acquisition system, which automatically processes data from indirect measure of fouling in terms of increased fluid frictional and heat transfer resistances. A particular method is used and proposed for direct measuring and biofilm characterization. Once we know the actual film thickness, we can calculate the effective thermal conductivity of the layer by using the appropriate heat transfer equations.

Elimination of cutting oil wastes by promoted hydrothermal oxidation.

Cutting oils are emulsionable fluids widely used in metalworking processes. Their composition is normally oil, water, and additives (fatty acids, surfactants, biocides, etc.) generating a toxic waste after a long use. Generally, it is a waste too dilute to be incinerated and it is difficult to treat biologically. Other conventional treatment methods currently used are not satisfactory from the environmental point of view. Wet air oxidation (WAO) and supercritical water oxidation (SCWO) are two forms of hydrothermal oxidation that have been proved to be effective processes to treat a wide variety of industrial wastes, but hardly tested for oily wastes. In the case of refractory wastes, WAO process is not efficient enough due to the moderate temperatures used. SCWO is a more powerful process since operating temperatures are usually around 600 degrees C, but the use of severe conditions leads to major disadvantages in the commercialization of the technology. In order to enhance WAO and SCWO efficiency at mild conditions, the use of free radical promoters has been studied in this work. Both normal and promoted hydrothermal oxidation have been tested to treat cutting oil wastes in a continuous flow system operating at 300-500 degrees C. Hydrogen peroxide has been used both as a source of oxygen and as a source of free radicals by introducing it into the reactor with or without previous thermal decomposition, respectively. Organic material is easily oxidized in both cases, obtaining more than 90% TOC reduction in less than 10s at 500 degrees C. At lower temperatures, the use of promoters clearly enhances the oxidation process. Activation energies have been estimated for normal and promoted oxidation processes.

[Use of carvedilol compared to nifedipine in the treatment of mild and moderate essential arterial hypertension]. / O uso do carvedilol comparado à nifedipina no tratamento da hipertensão arterial essencial leve e moderada.

PURPOSE: To compare the efficacy of carvedilol, a new antihypertensive drug that combines vasodilatory and beta-blocker properties, with nifedipine. METHODS: In a multicenter double-blind trial, 106 mild to moderate essential hypertensive patients were treated with either carvedilol (n = 51), or nifedipine (n = 55) as monotherapy. Following 4 weeks of wash-out/run-in period, patients from the carvedilol group received this drug once a day at a dosage of 25 mg/day for 8 consecutive weeks. In order to maintain the double-blind character of the study, a placebo was administered in the carvedilol group at identical dosage intervals as used in the nifedipine s.r. group. Nifedipine was also administered for 8 weeks at a dosage of 40 mg/day given b.i.d. RESULTS: Both treatments were equally efficient in reducing blood pressure in the seated and upright positions. Blood pressure response to treatment was obtained in 79% and 78% of patients treated with carvedilol and nifedipine, respectively. The carvedilol group did not develop reflex tachycardia which is usually seen when prescribing vasodilators. Blood biochemistry remained unchanged with both treatments. Besides similar blood pressure efficacy, side effects by patients taking carvedilol were less frequent than nifedipine group. CONCLUSION: Carvedilol is a safe, efficient, once/day choice as monotherapy for mild to moderate essential hypertensive patients.

[Reversal of left ventricular hypertrophy after the use of benazepril]. / Reversão de hipertrofia ventricular esquerda após o uso de benazepril.

PURPOSE: To assess the effects of benazepril (ACE inhibitor) on arterial blood pressure (ABP) and left ventricular mass index (LVMI). METHODS: Nineteen patients (7 men, 12 women) with mean age 38.2 +/- 10.2 years, with mild to moderate hypertension were evaluated. Besides raised blood pressure, the necessary inclusion criterion was the presence of left ventricular hypertrophy detected by echocardiogram. After a wash-out period, all patients were given placebo followed by the active drug benazepril at a dose of 10 mg once a day. For those patients who did not achieve a satisfactory control of the blood pressure (BP) 25 mg of chlorthalidone was added. All patients underwent 180 days of benazepril treatment. RESULTS: The ABP was gradually controlled as follow: at seated position the systolic BP changed from 156.05 +/- 5.07 mmHg to 129 +/- 3.74 mmHg (p < 0.001) and the diastolic BP from 99.74 +/- 1.59 mmHg to 81.8 +/- 2.27 mmHg (p < 0.001). At orthostatic position the systolic BP changed from 156.9 +/- 5.35 mmHg to 124.28 +/- 5.33 mmHg (p < 0.001) and the diastolic BP from 101.7 +/- 1.34 to 81.36 +/- 2.81 (p < 0.001). The heart rate did not change significantly during the study. The LVMI decreased significantly from 182.4 +/- 9.2g/m2 to 122.6 +/- 4.2g/m2 (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Our data revealed that 100% of the patients achieved satisfactory degrees of LVMI regression and in 34% there was a normalization of it.

[Pleural effusion as the only manifestation of cryptococcosis in an AIDS patient]. / Derrame pleural como única manifestación de criptococosis en un paciente con SIDA.

Cryptococcosis is often seen in immunodeficient patients, including those with AIDS. It usually affects mainly the respiratory tract and central nervous system. We present a rare case of pleural involvement with no sign of disease at other sites. A review of the literature yields only three other similar cases. We discuss the diverse clinical manifestations of cryptococcosis, particularly those found in the respiratory tract.

Parenteral isradipine reduces blood pressure in hypertensive crisis.

The efficacy and tolerability of an infusion of isradipine, a calcium antagonist of the dihydropyridine type, were tested in patients in hypertensive crisis. Ten patients with symptomatic and significant elevations in blood pressure were infused for 12 h with isradipine at 1.2, 2.4, 4.8, and 7.2 micrograms/kg/h (3 h of each infusion level). No untoward effects or adverse reactions were noted. No alterations were observed on electrocardiographic tracings, and blood pressure was significantly reduced only at doses of 7.2 micrograms/kg/h. Thus, isradipine as an infusion is useful and safe for hypertensive crisis, starting at a rate of 7.2 micrograms/kg/h. Higher doses may yet prove to be safe, well tolerated, and even more efficacious.

[Treatment of hypertensive crisis in outpatients with sublingual isradipine]. / Tratamento da crise hipertensiva em pacientes ambulatoriais com isradipina sublingual.

PURPOSE: Evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of isradipine, a new dihydropyridine calcium antagonist in the therapy of outpatients hypertensive crisis. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Twenty seven patients with mean age of 37.2 +/- 2.5 years (ages ranging from 18 to 59 years old) of different races (14 white, 13 not white); 15 men and 12 women, with diastolic blood pressure over 130 mmHg and without signs of recent target organ damage were studied. The patients were divided in three groups according to the used dosage of Isradipine tablets by sublingual route. Group I (n = 10): 1.25 mg; Group II (n = 10): 2.5 mg and Group III (n = 7): 5.0 mg. Arterial blood pressure levels and heart rate were determined before the drug administration and every 30 minutes until 120 minutes after dosing. RESULTS: Mean arterial blood pressure (MABP) decrease significantly in all patients from 153.43 +/- 4.3 to 124.0 +/- 2.3 mmHg after 60 minutes and to 118.0 +/- 2.1 mmHg after 120 minutes (p < 0.001). Heart rate did not show significant changes with the drug. Clinical significant side effects were not observed. The comparative analysis of MABP curves did not show significant differences among the groups I, II and III. However, a tendency of a greater decrease in MABP was observed in the patients of group III. CONCLUSION: Isradipine tablets in the dosages of 1.25, 2.5 and 5.0 mg by sublingual route is effective and well tolerated in the treatment of ambulatorial patients with hypertensive crisis.

Angiotensin converting enzymes from urine of treated and untreated essential mild hypertensive patients (EHP) with diuretic: partial purification and characterization.

Urine of untreated EHP was eluted, on a ion-exchange chromatography, in two protein peaks with ACE activity, at 0.7 mS (BI) and 1.25 mS (BII), while urine of treated EHP, was eluted only in one peak with ACE activity (0.7 mS). BI (Mr, 88 kDa) and BII (Mr, 61 kDa) convert AI to AII, hydrolyze bradikinin, are inhibited by captopril, EDTA and metal ions.

Isradipine in the treatment of hypertensive crisis in ambulatory patients.

In order to investigate the efficacy of isradipine in the treatment of hypertensive crisis, we treated three groups of patients who had diastolic blood pressure (DBP) greater than 120 mm Hg, and who were without signs of acute target-organ damage. Isradipine was given sublingually in doses of 1.25 mg (group 1; n = 10), 2.5 mg (group 2; n = 10), and 5 mg (group 3; n = 7). Mean arterial pressure (MAP) was reduced in all patients [from 153.4 +/- 4.3 to 124.0 +/- 2.3 mm Hg at 60 min, and to 118.0 +/- 2.1 mm Hg at 2 h after administration (p less than 0.001)]. The heart rate (HR) did not change significantly (from 82.4 +/- 3.7 to 84.0 +/- 6 beats/min; NS). No significant differences were noted in the overall responses of the three groups; however, blood pressure reduction was more rapid in the group receiving 5 mg compared with the other two dosages. These results show that isradipine given sublingually is effective in reducing the elevated blood pressure of a hypertensive crisis and is not accompanied by limiting side effects. Isradipine's onset of action is early (approximately 30 min after dosing) and reaches its maximum blood pressure response within 2 h of administration. No dose-dependent reductions in blood pressure were observed with the dosage range employed in this study.

Regression of left ventricular hypertrophy in the short-term treatment of hypertension with isradipine.

This was a study of the effectiveness of isradipine, a calcium antagonist of the dihydropyridine group, in reversing left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) in patients with mild-to-moderate hypertension. Mean arterial pressure was effectively reduced at 90 days of treatment (from 129.5 +/- 2.0 to 111.5 +/- 2.8 mm Hg; P less than .001). The electrocardiographic Romhilt-Estes score for LVH showed early reduction at 45 days of treatment (from 7.1 +/- 0.6 to 5.1 +/- 0.4 points; P less than .001), and further diminutions were observed at 90 days of treatment (3.8 +/- 0.4 points; P less than .01). The echocardiographically determined left ventricular mass indices confirmed these findings (from 175.0 +/- 8.9 to 141.7 +/- 5.5 and to 124.8 +/- 4.2 g/m2; P less than .001) for 45 and 90 days, respectively. The results indicate that isradipine is effective in reducing left ventricular mass and that these reductions are observed early in the course of treatment.

Reversal of left ventricular hypertrophy following treatment of hypertension with isradipine.

In order to complement earlier short-term observations, we studied the effects of isradipine (1.25 or 2.5 mg twice daily) on blood pressure as well as its action in reversing cardiac hypertrophy in 25 moderately hypertensive patients. We observed that the treatment produced short-term (3 month) and longer-term (9 month) control of blood pressure [decreases in mean arterial pressure (MAP) from 128 +/- 2.3 to 112 +/- 2.7 mm Hg and to 105.5 +/- 2.9 mm Hg; p less than 0.001] while heart rate remained constant throughout the study (from 76.6 +/- 2.3 to 74.7 +/- 2.4 beats/min; NS). Reversal of left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) obtained after 3 months of treatment (LV mass index from 173.7 +/- 8.8 to 135.7 +/- 4.5 g/m2; p less than 0.001) was accentuated with continued therapy (to 131.0 +/- 4.0 and 124.4 +/- 3.1 g/m2 at 6 and 9 months, respectively; p less than 0.01). These results indicate that significant regression of LVH can be obtained with short-term treatment of hypertension with isradipine and that this effect will be fully obtained with longer-term (9 month) therapy.

[Changes in arterial oxygen saturation in patients undergoing endoscopy of the upper digestive tract]. / Alteraciones de la saturación de oxígeno arterial en pacientes que se someten a endoscopia de tubo digestivo alto.

This study showed how often oxygen desaturation occurred in patients undergoing upper endoscopy procedures; extent of desaturation after sedation with diazepam, relationship between desaturation and respiratory function status and compared two types of instruments Olympus (XQ, K10). Ninety nine patients undergoing elective and emergency upper endoscopy procedures were monitorized with pulse oximeter before sedation, during and after the procedure. We did not find any change clinically significant.