Subject(s)
Cultural Diversity , Nurse-Patient Relations , Nursing , American Nurses' Association , Ethnicity , Humans , Minority Groups , Transcultural Nursing , United StatesSubject(s)
Attitude of Health Personnel , Cultural Diversity , Health Services Accessibility , Nursing , Prejudice , Humans , United States , WorkforceABSTRACT
The purpose of this study was to analyze changes in early adolescents' intimate behaviors and the initiation of sexual intercourse over a one-year time period. The changes are interpreted within the context of recent progress in understanding the development of early adolescents. Public school students in sixth and ninth grades of selected schools in a midwestern industrial city were studied in two waves of data collection. A total of 106 students provided data for the second year, allowing comparisons of their Time 2 with their Time 1 responses. Five of eight intimate behaviors studied increased in frequency during the year. Also, the adolescents' perceived benefits of having sexual intercourse increased and perceived costs decreased during the follow-up year. Increases in the frequency of intimate behaviors but not changes in their perceptions of the benefits and costs predicted whether or not students had initiated sexual intercourse during the follow-up period. These findings support current understanding of early adolescence as a time of incremental learning about intimacy and about sexual relationships. The findings suggest that preventing early sexual intercourse may require understanding the specific behavioral competencies related to healthful development of intimacy. Pediatric nurses can be leaders in providing the necessary counseling and education to young adolescents, their families, and their communities.
Subject(s)
Adolescent Behavior/psychology , Attitude to Health , Coitus/psychology , Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice , Psychology, Adolescent , Sexual Partners/psychology , Adolescent , Age Factors , Female , Follow-Up Studies , Humans , Male , Risk-Taking , Surveys and QuestionnairesABSTRACT
As the scope of what constitutes health and the range of determinants of health-promoting and compromising behaviors among adolescents are expanded, APNs must be well prepared to be powerful influences in the lives of all adolescents. The guidelines offered by Bright Futures challenge nurse educators to prepare APNs who possess the core competencies to knowledgeably address the health issues and concerns of all adolescents in multiple settings. The American Academy of Nursing Expert Panel's recommendations contained herein, if implemented, will further enhance the capabilities of graduate programs to prepare APNs to provide developmentally and culturally relevant disease prevention and health promotion care to adolescents and their families.
Subject(s)
Adolescent Health Services , Health Promotion , Nurse Practitioners/education , Adolescent , Community-Institutional Relations , Curriculum , Female , Guidelines as Topic , Humans , Male , United StatesABSTRACT
The purposes of this study were to explore the differences between fifth and eighth graders' self-reports of having initiated sexual intercourse and the factors related to their early sexual debuts. The urban sample consisted of African American and white fifth (n = 59) and eighth (n = 169) graders. Among fifth graders 46% and among eighth graders 55% reported they had initiated sexual intercourse. Sexual intercourse was more common than other risk behaviors such as cigarette smoking and drinking. The multivariate analyses indicated that the influences on the early initiation of sexual intercourse were complex. Specifically, gender, use of alcohol, costs (i.e., perceptions of negative consequences), and personal norms (i.e., beliefs about when to initiate sexual intercourse) had no direct influence on having initiated sexual intercourse, but indirectly affected the initiation of sexual intercourse through the frequency of other intimate behaviors. The findings are discussed in terms of gender-specific socialization into sex roles and the need to design risk reduction interventions that incorporate messages from multiple social sources.
Subject(s)
Adolescent Behavior , Coitus , Sexual Behavior , Adolescent , Age Factors , Child , Data Collection , Drinking Behavior , Female , Humans , Male , Risk Factors , Sex Factors , SmokingABSTRACT
Little is known about the sex role socialization of African American children. The broad purpose of this descriptive pilot study was the generation of hypotheses to test the influence of environmentalist and behaviorist orientations on working, poor, older African American mothers' childrearing ideologies and practices for sex role socialization from their perspectives. Three mothers (ages 40-54 years) participated in 4 weekly focus groups. The ethnographic interview and iterative data analysis techniques are adapted from Spradley (1979). One prototypic domain of beliefs and practices is presented in detail. The findings suggested that the mothers' (a) childrearing ideologies about and practices for differential sex role socialization are influenced inconsistently by environmentalist and behaviorist orientations and (b) ideologies and practices for the socialization of males into sex roles are contradictory. Specific hypotheses are generated from the prototypic domain.
Subject(s)
Black or African American , Child Rearing/ethnology , Poverty , Women, Working , Adult , Child , Female , Gender Identity , Humans , Male , Maternal Age , Middle Aged , Nursing Methodology Research , SocializationABSTRACT
In this article we have noted some of the conceptual and methodologic issues and challenges involved in conducting research with two ethnic/racial populations. In addition, we raised questions and gave recommendations to provide nurse researchers with guides as to how they might conceptualize and conduct and critique research with two groups. While this is not a strict blueprint, it is hoped that the guidelines and recommendations will serve as a focal point about which continued discourse and critical thinking about conducting research with members of ethnically/racially diverse groups may occur. The complex issues presented are not unique to nursing. Researchers from various disciplines have enumerated similar issues and, in turn, have been critical of research findings with samples of ethnic/racial groups. While a cadre of nurse researchers has begun to accept the challenge and to struggle with issues, more--much more--is needed. Conducting research with racial/ethnic minority populations in general, and African American and Hispanic peoples in particular, is necessary if nursing is to fulfill its societal mandate. Historically the scientific base for nursing practice has been described as being deficient in areas associated with cultural diversity. Few studies with deliberate cross-cultural or multicultural foci exist. According to Stevenson, laws of health and nursing must be constructed from research conducted with people of multiple cultures so that generalizations about health are valid representations of existing realities.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Subject(s)
Black or African American , Guidelines as Topic , Hispanic or Latino , Nursing Research/methods , Communication , Cultural Characteristics , Humans , Research Personnel , Social Class , United States , WorkforceABSTRACT
Black skin tone preferences were explored among 98 black school-age children. Findings suggest a preference for honey brown rather than lighter or darker skin tones. Concept analysis generated six categories of reasons for the choice, identifying differences related to age and gender.
Subject(s)
Black or African American/psychology , Choice Behavior , Personality Development , Prejudice , Socialization , Child , Female , Humans , Male , Personality Tests , Social EnvironmentABSTRACT
This article is based on the premise that African- and Mexican-American children's responses to health and illness are rooted in their socialization into group perspectives that have been shaped by particular social and economic realities. Nurses are expected to provide care to African- and Mexican-American children, even though nurses may not have been educated to understand the effect of socialized perspectives on their practices. The purposes of this article are to highlight how differences in perspectives and ideologies create misunderstanding and to provide nurses with some examples of how their behavior might be interpreted by African- and Mexican-American children. The major practice implications center around the points that the motivations for African- and Mexican-American children's behavior may be different from those of European-American children, even though the observable behaviors may be similar and the children of these two groups may bring additional socialized fears and anxieties to the hospital setting. Examples of actual practice situations are used to illustrate the major points.
Subject(s)
Black or African American , Child, Hospitalized/psychology , Hispanic or Latino , Pediatric Nursing/methods , Socialization , Transcultural Nursing/methods , Child , HumansABSTRACT
As increased numbers of teen mothers choose to keep and rear their children, the topic of their childrearing abilities has become the subject of intense theorizing, philosophizing, and research. Research about the developmental deviations of teen mothers' children has suggested that teen mothers are at risk for childrearing failure. The mechanisms through which the multiple, complex, and interactive variables operate to produce the children's less than optimal developmental outcomes remain obscure. In this article selected examples of teen childrearing research are reviewed to provide the background for a discussion of selected methodological and conceptual issues. Implications for nursing practice and research are discussed in terms of a collaborative researcher-clinician effort.
