Clinical practice guideline of the spanish society of oral surgery for oral surgery in patients with coagulation disorders.

BACKGROUND: The number of patients treated with coagulation disorders, and more specifically with anticoagulant therapy, has increased worldwide in recent years due to increased life expectancy in developed countries. The protocols for managing this type of patient in oral surgery has varied over recent years, especially after the appearance of new direct-acting oral anticoagulants (DOACs). The assessment of risk of bleeding in this type of patient when undergoing a surgical procedure continues to be a controversial issue for patients, dentists and general practitioners. The objective of this document is to offer recommendations, based on evidence, for decision making for patients with coagulopathies who require dental surgical intervention. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Based on the indications of the "Preparation of Clinical Practice guidelines in the National Health System. Methodological manual", we gathered a group of experts who agreed on 15 PICO questions based on managing patients with coagulation disorders in dental surgical procedures, such as fitting of implants or dental extractions. RESULTS: The 15 PICO questions were answered based on the available evidence, being limited in most cases due to the lack of a control group. Two of the PICO questions were answered by the experts with a grade C recommendation, while the rest were answered with grade D. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this review highlight the need to undertake well designed clinical trials with control groups and with a representative sample size.

2-years retrospective observational case-control study on survival and marginal bone loss of implants in patients with hereditary coagulopathies.

BACKGROUND: Evaluating 2-years implant loss and marginal bone loss in patients with hereditary coagulopathies, comparing with a healthy control group. MATERIAL AND METHODS: 37 implants in 13 patients (17 haemophilia A, 20 Von-Willebrand disease) versus 26 implants in 13 healthy patients. Data measured through Lagervall-Jansson index (after surgery, at prosthetic loading, at 2 years). STATISTICS: Chi-square, Haberman's, ANOVA, Mann-Whitney-U. Significance p<0.05. RESULTS: Haemorrhagic accidents in 2 coagulopathies patients (non-statistical differences). Hereditary coagulopathies patients suffered more hepatitis (p<0.05), HIV (p<0.05) and less previous periodontitis (p<0.01). Non-statistical differences in marginal bone loss among groups. 2 implants were lost in the hereditary coagulopathies and none in the control group (non-statistical differences). Hereditary coagulopathies patients had longer (p<0.001), and narrower implants (p<0.05) placed. 43.2% external prosthetic connection in hereditary coagulopathies patients (p<0.001); change of prosthetic platform more frequent in control group (p<0.05). 2 implants lost: external connection (p<0.05). Survival rate 96.8% (hereditary coagulopathies 94.6%, control group 100%). CONCLUSIONS: Implant and marginal bone loss at 2 years is similar in patients with hereditary coagulopathies and control group. Precautions should be taken on the treatment for hereditary coagulopathies patients, through prior haematological protocol. Implant loss only occurred in in a patient with Von-Willebrand´s disease.

Effectiveness of salivary stimulation using xylitol-malic acid tablets as coadjuvant treatment in patients with gastro-oesophageal reflux disease: early findings.

BACKGROUND: Besides dental erosion syndrome, other oral syndromes could benefit from the stimulation of salivary secretion, in patients with gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD). Our aims is evaluate the improvement of oral extra-oesophageal manifestations in patients with GORD using xylitol-malic acid tablets to stimulate salivary secretion. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The effectiveness of salivary stimulation using xylitol-malic acid tablets (as a supplement to omeprazole 40 mg/day) was assessed in a clinical trial (n = 14) lasting six months with patients with prior positive pH-metry, through GORD extra-oesophageal clinical signs, GerdQ and RDQ questionnaires, odontological variables, basal salivary secretion, stimulated salivary secretion, pH and buffer capacity, mucosal erythema index and dental wear. STATISTICS: chi-square (Haberman post-hoc), ANOVA, and Mann-Whitney U; variables between visits were evaluated with McNemar's Student's t and Wilcoxon tests; p < 0.05. RESULTS: 100% of patients not taking xylitol-malic acid presented xerostomia, but only 14.3% of patients taking xylitol-malic acid (p < 0.01) did. The mean saliva-buffer capacity at the last visit for patients not taking xylitol-malic acid was 2.14 ± 0.38, versus 2.71 ± 0.49 for patients taking xylitol-malic acid (p < 0.05). Retro-sternal burning (p < 0.05), heartburn (p < 0.05) and regurgitation (p < 0.05) were also reduced. CONCLUSIONS: Xylitol-malic acid tablets improve quality of life among patients with GORD, by reducing dry mouth, increasing saliva buffering and reducing heartburn, retro-sternal burning and regurgitation.

Differential Expression of Inflammation-Related Genes in Down Syndrome Patients with or without Periodontal Disease.

AIM: Aware that Down Syndrome patients present among their clinical characteristics impaired immunity, the aim of this study is to identify the statistically significant differences in inflammation-related gene expression by comparing Down Syndrome patients with Periodontal Disease (DS+PD+) with Down Syndrome patients without Periodontal Disease (DS+PD-), and their relationship with periodontitis as a chronic oral inflammatory clinical feature. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Case study and controls on eleven Down Syndrome patients (DS+PD+ vs. DS+PD-). RNA was extracted from peripheral blood using a Qiagen PAXgene Blood miRNA Kit when performing an oral examination. A search for candidate genes (92 selected) was undertaken on the total genes obtained using a Scientific GeneChip® Scanner 3000 (Thermo Fisher Scientific) and Clariom S solutions for human, mouse, and rat chips, with more than 20,000 genes annotated for measuring expression levels. RESULTS: Of the 92 inflammation-related genes taken initially, four genes showed a differential expression across both groups with a p value of <0.05 from the data obtained using RNA processing of the patient sample. Said genes were TNFSF13B (p = 0.0448), ITGB2 (p = 0.0033), ANXA3 (p = 0.0479), and ANXA5 (p = 0.016). CONCLUSIONS: There are differences in inflammation-related gene expression in Down Syndrome patients when comparing patients who present a state of chronic oral inflammation with patients with negative rates of periodontal disease.

Descriptive retrospective study analyzing relevant factors related to dental implant failure.

BACKGROUND: The objective of this retrospective descriptive study was to analyze the characteristics of incident reports provided by dentists while using a specific brand of dental implants. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study was carried out in collaboration with Oxtein Iberia S.L., with the company providing access to the incident database in order to evaluate the characteristics of incidents from January 2014 to December 2017 (a total of 917 over four years). The data sheet recorded different variables during each of the stages of implant treatment, from initial implant placement to subsequent prosthetic rehabilitation. These variables included age, sex, systemic pathologies, smoking habits, bone quality, implant type, prosthesis type, and type of load applied, among others. SPSS Statistics was used to perform statistical analysis of the qualitative variables (univariate logistic regressions, χ2 test, Haberman's adjusted standardized residuals). RESULTS: The total study sample consisted of 44,415 implants shipped from Oxtein warehouses on the dates indicated, of which 917 implants (2.1%) were flagged due to reports of lack of primary stability, failed osseointegration, or implant failure within one year of placement. When analyzing incident reports, it was observed that 61.6% of incidents occurred in male patients, compared to 38.4% in female patients. The average age of patients in the reported cases was 56.12 ± 12.15 years. A statistically significant correlation was discovered between incidents of implant failure and tobacco use, diabetes, heart disease, poor oral hygiene, previous infection, poor bone quality, and bruxism (p < 0.05). A (statistically significant) higher rate of incidents was also observed in tapered, internal connection, Grade IV titanium, narrow, and short implants. CONCLUSIONS: Analysis of these implants reveals a higher rate of complication in short, tapered, internal connection and narrow-diameter implants. These data can help and encourage clinicians to use the utmost surgical precautions when placing these implants.

Clinicopathological and immunohistochemical analysis of oral melanocytic nevi and review of the literature.

INTRODUCTION: Oral melanocytic nevi (OMNs) are uncommon benign melanocytic tumors, histologically similar to their cutaneous counterparts. The aim of this study was twofold: to contribute to the epidemiology with a literature review with the first Spanish series of OMNs, and to report on clinicopathological, immunohistochemical and demographic findings. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective analysis of cases attended over the period 1999-2010 was carried out using data drawn from the pathology unit files at two public hospitals in the Spanish region of Andalusia, serving between them a population of 823.614 inhabitants (11%). RESULTS: Ten cases of OMNs were retrieved, accounting for 0.18% of the total 5499 oral biopsies performed over the period. The female-to-male ratio was 1.5:1; mean patient age was 30. The palate was the most common location (70%). Relative frequencies of histologic types were as follows: subepithelial (40%), common blue (30%), compound (20%) and junctional (10%). Immunohistochemical examination showed strong S-100 protein expression, variable reactivity to HMB-45 and high c-Kit expression by junctional melanocytes. Ki-67 was ≤3 in all cases. CONCLUSIONS: Although this first clinicopathologic analysis of OMNs reported in Spain was based on a small patient series, the results are in line with those reported in larger series and additionally provide new demographic data. Since OMNs and early melanomas are usually detected at routine dental examination, detailed oral exploration should always be performed, and in case of doubt a biopsy should be taken to ensure an accurate diagnosis.

Analysis of different therapeutic protocols for osteonecrosis of the jaw associated with oral and intravenous bisphosphonates.

INTRODUCTION: Chemotherapy-associated osteonecrosis of the jaw caused by bisphosphonates is an exposure of necrotic bone with more than eight weeks of evolution that is attributable to bisphosphonates and no prior radiation therapy. Its etiopathogenesis remains unknown, although there are two hypotheses that may explain it: the drug's mechanism of action, and the risk factors that can lead to osteonecrosis. There is a wide range of treatment options for managing chemotherapy-associated osteonecrosis of the jaw, from conservative treatments to surgical procedures of varying levels of invasiveness, which are sometimes supplemented with adjuvant therapies. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this article is to group the therapeutic options for osteonecrosis of the jaw (ONJ) into seven different protocols and to evaluate their effectiveness in relation to stage of ONJ. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A literature review was carried out in PubMed following the PRISMA criteria. A total of 47 were collected after compiling a series of variables that define ONJ, applied treatments, and the clinical results obtained. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: The 47 articles selected have a low to average estimated risk of bias and are of moderate to good quality. According to the data obtained, Protocol 3 (conservative treatment, clinical and radiological follow-up, minimally invasive surgical treatment, and adjuvant therapies) is the most favorable approach for ONJ lesions caused by oral bisphosphonates. For lesions caused by intravenous bisphosphonates, Protocol 2 (conservative treatment, clinical and radiological follow-up, minimally invasive surgical treatment, and no adjuvant therapies) is the best approach. When comparing the different stages of ONJ, Protocol 1 (conservative treatment, clinical and radiological follow-up) promotes better healing of Stage 1 ONJ lesions caused by orally administered bisphosphonates, and Protocol 3 is recommended for Stage II. For ONJ lesions attributable to intravenous bisphosphonates, Protocol 7 (conservative treatment, clinical and radiological follow-up, and adjuvant therapies) provides the best results in Stage 0; in Stages I, II, and III, Protocol 1 gives better results.

Impact of rare diseases in oral health.

BACKGROUND: Rare diseases (RD) are those that present a lower prevalence than 5 cases per 10.000 population. The main objective of this review was to study the effect on oral health in rare diseases, while the secondary objective of the study is theme upgrade. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Comparative observational case-control studies were analysed and a systematic review was conducted in PubMed. Each rare disease listed on the statistical data record of the Health Portal of the Ministry of Equality, Health and Social Policies Board of Andalusia was associated with "oral health". The variables studied included dental, oral mucosa and occlusion alterations, oral pathologies (caries, periodontal disease) and other alterations (mouth breathing, parafunctional habits, etc). A bias analysis of the variable caries was conducted. RESULTS: Six RD were selected through our inclusion and exclusion criteria (hypogammaglobulinemia, Rett syndrome, Marfan syndrome, Prader-Willi syndrome, cystic fibrosis and Cri du chat syndrome) in a total of 8 publications, of which four trials were classified as high risk of bias and one of them as medium risk. There were not trials with low risk of bias. CONCLUSIONS: The main statistically significant differences found by Syndrome compared to a control group were in Hypogammaglobulinemia with a greater tendency to enamel hypoplasia and dry mouth. The Rett syndrome had, as well, a greater tendency to an anterior open bite, ogival palate, bruxism, mouth breathing and tongue thrusting. Prader-Willi syndrome had a tendency of dental erosion, and Cri du chat syndrome showed a higher association to Tannerella forsythia.

An update on the use of melatonin as a stroke therapeutic.

Delivery of melatonin and targeting melatonin receptors pose as neuroprotective strategies for stroke therapy. The potential of melatonin-based therapeutics for clinical application in stroke patients requires translational research to guide the conduct of clinical trials. We review recent preclinical and clinical data that support the use of melatonin for stroke.

Actualizaciones en la detección precoz de la osteoporosis / Actualization in early detection of osteoporosis

La osteoporosis es una enfermedad sistémica del esqueleto, con amplia prevalencia sobre todo en mujeres postmenopáusicas. La ortopantomografía (OPMG) es una técnica radiológica de uso generalizado en las consultas de los odontólogos. En el presente estudio se hace una revisión de trabajos en los que, utilizando una serie de índices como: Mandibular Cortical Index (MCI), Mental Index (MI), Panoramic Mandibular Index (PMI), Antegonial Index (AI), Gonial Index (GI), medidos sobre OMPG se plantea la hipótesis de poder detectar precozmente la osteoporosis por este medio. Los resultados expuestos en los diferentes estudios avalan esta hipótesis y así se podrá remitir a los pacientes al especialista para que se les haga un estudio más exhaustivo sobre dicha patología (AU)

Osteoporosis is a systemic skeletal disease, with widespread prevalence especially in postmenopausal women. Orthopantomography (OPMG) is a widely used diagnosis technique in dental practice. The objective of this study is to make a systematic review of studies in which, using a series of indices as Mandibular Cortical Index (MCI), Mental Index (MI), Panoramic Mandibular Index (PMI), Antegonial Index (AI), Gonial Index (GI) measured on panoramic radiographs are useful for detecting early osteoporosis. The results reported in different studies support the possibility that OPMG could be an effective tool to detect early Osteoporosis and refer patients to a specialist to treat their disease (AU)

Dental treatment for handicapped patients; sedation vs general anesthesia and update of dental treatment in patients with different diseases.

Dental treatment on Handicapped Patients is often difficult because many people with a wide range of ages (from children to the elderly) with different pathologies that can affect the oral cavity and differ widely are included in this group. This situation creates some controversy, because according to pathology, each patient will be treated differently depending on collaboration, general health status, age or medication used to treat this pathologies. According to this situation we can opt for an outpatient treatment without any kind of previous medication, a treatment under conscious or deep sedation or a under general anesthesia treatment. With this systematic review is intended to help clarify in which cases patients should be treated under general anesthesia, sedation (conscious or deep) or outpatient clinic without any medication, as well as clarify what kind of treatments can be carried in private dental clinics and which should be carried out in a hospital. It will also discuss the most common diseases among this group of patients and the special care to be taken for their dental treatment.

Tratamiento de fractura coronorradicular con implante inmediato postextracción Thommen SPI® Element y revisión de la literatura / Crown-root fracture treatment with immediate Thommen SPI® Element implant placement in fresh extraction socket and a literature review

Introducción. El implante inmediato postextracción es aquel que está indicado para sustituir al diente con patología sin posibilidad alguna de tratamiento o en casos tras exodoncia de inclusiones, retenciones y dientes temporales. Teniendo en cuenta que tras la extracción tiene lugar un período de recambio óseo en forma de reabsorción fisiológica reduciendo las dimensiones del reborde alveolar, optamos por la terapia regenerativa con el fin de disminuir las secuelas. En este artículo se revisa la técnica quirúrgica y el manejo de los tejidos blandos mediante el procedimiento protésico de los implantes inmediatos postextracción, ilustrado en un caso clínico con una nueva superficie de implante dental. Caso clínico. Mujer de 24 años de edad, no fumadora sin antecedentes médicos de interés, que acude a consulta con dolor agudo de 4 días de evolución en la zona del primer molar inferior derecho que se ha incrementado en el tiempo, con diagnóstico de fractura coronorradicular. El plan de tratamiento comprende: exodoncia de la pieza con el menor trauma posible respetando las paredes alveolares y legrado del alvéolo para la inserción de forma sumergida de un implante SPI® de titanio autorroscable con superficie rugosa pulida producida por chorreado de arena y grabada térmicamente al ácido de Thommen Medical y regeneración ósea guiada mediante injerto óseo particulado de origen bovino Bio-Oss®. Después de 6 meses cargamos funcionalmente el implante con corona unitaria atornillada observando su evolución a los 12 y 24 meses tras la intervención. Conclusión. Gracias a los avances en el campo de las superficies, el tratamiento con este nuevo tipo de implante dental ha constituido en este caso una terapéutica de éxito (AU)

Introduction. The immediate implant placement in fresh extraction socket is intended to replace the tooth with no possibility of disease treatment or post-extraction of inclusions, deductions and immediate dentures. Bearing in mind that after the extraction takes place a period of bone turnover in the form of reduced physiological reabsorption of alveolar ridge dimensions, opted for regenerative therapy to reduce the after-effects. In this article the surgical technique and the handling of the soft tissue are reviewed by means of the prosthetic procedure of the immediate implant placement informed in a clinical case with a new dental implant surface. Clinical case. We present the case of a 24-year-old nonsmoker with no relevant medical history, who attends our clinic with a sharp pain of 4 days duration in the lower right first molar that has increased over time with a diagnosis of crown-root fracture. The treatment plan includes extraction of the tooth with as little trauma as possible, respecting the alveolar walls and curettage of alveolo removing all pathological tissue for insertion by submersion of a single self-tapping titanium polished implant with a rough surface produced by sandblasting and Thommen Medical acid-etched heat and guided bone regeneration with particulate bovine bone Bio-Oss®. After 6 months we place a healing screw much higher so that we can load the implant functionally with a single screwed crown whose evolution should be monitored at 12 and 24 months after surgery. Conclusion. Thanks to the advances in the field of surface treatment with this new type of self-tapping dental implant is an overall success in the field of implant treatment (AU)

High prevalence of radiolucent periapical lesions amongst patients with inherited coagulation disorders.

Apical periodontitis (AP) is an inflammatory lesion around the apex of a tooth caused by bacterial infection of the pulp canal system. AP appears radiographically as a radiolucent periapical lesion (RPL). The elective treatment for teeth with AP is root canal treatment (RCT). No study is available about the frequency of RPL and RCT in patients with inherited coagulation disorders (ICD). The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of RPL and RCT in patients with ICD and control subjects. In a cross-sectional study, the radiographic records of 58 patients with haemophilia A, haemophilia B or von Willebrand's disease (study group) and 58 control subjects were examined. The frequency of RPL and RCT was assessed using digital panoramic radiographs and the Periapical Index. RPL in one or more teeth was found in 67.2% of patients with ICD and in 48.3% of control subjects (odds ratio = 2.20; P = 0.038). At least one RCT was found in 34.5% and 65.5% of subjects in the study and control groups respectively (odds ratio = 0.28; P = 0.001). Multivariate logistic regression analysis indicated that subjects with ICD had RPL with higher likelihood than control subjects (odds ratio = 7.4; P = 0.0005). Patients with ICD disorders showed a significantly higher prevalence of RPL and lower frequency of RCT than control patients.

Assessment of orofacial characteristics and oral pathology associated with cri-du-chat syndrome.

OBJECTIVE: To obtain a deeper insight into the difficulties individuals with cri-du-chat syndrome experience by means of the analysis of the most common features and oral pathology observed in the subjects enrolled in the study. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Intra-oral and extra-oral features of a total of 33 patients with cri-du-chat syndrome (the larger sample so far analyzed) through their clinical and photographic examination. Models, orthopantomographies, and teleradiographies have been collected to establish a pattern as accurate as possible of the oral pathology associated with these patients. RESULTS: The present descriptive study shows that patients with cri-du-chat syndrome present with a series of orofacial features such as mandibular retrognathism, high palate, and variable malocclusion, more commonly anterior open-bite. Most patients also present with perioral muscle relaxation with labial incompetence and short philtrum. As regards oral pathology, these patients suffer dental erosions provoked by gastroesophageal reflux and attritions because of intense day-and-night bruxism. CONCLUSION: The odontologists' familiarity with the orofacial pathology associated with cri-du-chat syndrome and with the specific needs such disorder conveys should improve the quality of the buccodental treatment these professionals may offer to these patients.

Oxytocin treatment immediately after calving does not reduce the incidence of retained fetal membranes or improve reproductive performance in crossbred Zebu cows.

The objective was to determine the effect of oxytocin treatments after calving on the incidence of RFM and reproductive performance in dual purpose cows under tropical conditions. Five hundred thirty six pluriparous, crossbred Zebu cows were randomly assigned to two groups: Oxy (n = 280): cows were given 30 IU of oxytocin im immediately after normal unassisted calving, and again 6 h later; C (n = 256): control. Expulsion of fetal membranes was evaluated 24 h after delivery. After a 30-d voluntary waiting period, AI was done 12 h after cows were detected in estrus. Oxytocin had no effect on the incidence of RFM (4.6 vs. 3.1% for Oxy and C, respectively, P > 0.05). Cows in Oxy and C had similar first service and overall pregnancy rates (54.0 vs. 47.8% and 75.4 vs. 73.4%; respectively, P > 0.05). There were no differences between Oxy and C for calving to first estrus (83.6 ± 3.7 vs. 77.2 ± 3.8 d) and calving to conception intervals (113.6 ± 5.0 vs. 110.5 ± 5.2 d), as well as rates of anestrus (13.6 vs. 13.7%), repeat breeding (21.8 vs. 20.7%), and culling (15.7 vs. 16.4%). In conclusion, oxytocin treatment after normal unassisted calving did not significantly reduce the incidence of RFM or improve reproductive performance in crossbred Zebu cows under tropical conditions.

Shortening the postpartum anoestrous interval in suckled crossbred dual purpose cows using progestagen intravaginal sponges plus eCG and PGF(2alpha).

One hundred and twenty-six suckled crossbred cows (Bos taurus x Bos indicus), with body condition score >or=3 (1-5 point scale), were employed in the present study to evaluate the effectiveness of intravaginal progestin-releasing sponges (IVS) for shortening anoestrous interval. Fifty-four cows were assigned to control group. Seventy-two cows were treated with IVS impregnated with 250 mg of medroxy-acetate-progesterone (MAP) as follows: day 0, IVS plus 5 mg of 17beta-E and 50 mg of MAP i.m.; day 6, 500 IU of equine chorionic gonadotropin and 25 mg prostaglandin F(2alpha) i.m.; day 8, IVS withdrawal and day 9, 1 mg 17beta-E i.m. Cows were also grouped according to postpartum days (dpp) at treatment: MAP <70 days (n = 25); control <70 days (n = 22); MAP >70 days (n = 47); control >70 days (n = 32). From IVS removal, cows were detected in oestrus and inseminated. Cows not detected in oestrus were timed artificial insemination 72 h after sponge removal. Treatment effect on oestrous rate (ER), conception rate (CR), pregnancy rate (PR) and treatment to conception intervals (TCI) and calving to conception intervals (CCI) were evaluated. The ER, CR and PR were analysed using PROC LOGISTIC, while TCI and CCI with PROC GLM of SAS. The groups MAP <70 days and MAP >70 days showed higher (p < 0.01) ER than control <70 days and control >70 days (84.0% and 76.6% vs 31.8% and 31.3% respectively). The PR was higher (p < 0.01) in MAP <70 days vs control <70 days (64.0% vs 22.7%) and also higher (p < 0.05) in MAP >70 days vs control <70 days (40.4% vs 18.8%). The TCI and CCI were shorter (p < 0.01) in MAP <70 days vs control <70 days (36.0 and 95.8 days; 95.3 and 158.6 days respectively). In conclusion, only cows treated with IVS before 70 dpp had a CCI shorter than 100 days, consequently this treatment shortened postpartum anoestrous interval in crossbred dual purpose cattle.

General anesthesia: as a challenge and treatment need option in pediatric dentistry

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to determine the type and characteristics of the interventions, indications of dental treatment and procedures performed to patients treated under general anesthesia (GA) by pediatric dentistry residents, during the 1997-1999 period. METHOD: A sample of 57 hospital records of patients treated as part of the Special Pediatric Course at the Puerto Rico Pediatric Hospital were reviewed. Statistical analysis was done using the chi-square test for inferences on proportions. RESULTS: MR patients made up 59.7and NMR patients made up 40.3of the sample studied. Ages ranged from 2 to 35 years with a mean age of 11 years (SD=8.54). MR patients were classified into 7 categories: mental retardation (38.2), cerebral palsy (14.7), epileptic (5.9), mental syndromes (26.9), hydrocephalic (5.9), autism (5.9) and others (2.9). The NMR were classified into 5 categories: early childhood caries (65.2), cardiac patients (8.7), maxillofacial anomalies (4.3), organic syndromes (13.1) and others (8.7). The dental procedures performed were: dental extractions 84(MR) and 68(NMR), restorative procedures 87.3(MR) and 12.7(NMR). Oral prophylaxis was performed in 76.8, fissure sealants in 10.7and topical fluoride applications in 21.8. CONCLUSION: Dental extraction was a frequently performed procedure in both groups. The prevalence of exodontia and restorative procedures indicates the need to design and implement prevention programs for special pediatric patients.

La Odontología en España: Hacia la Integración en el Espacio Europeo de Educación Superior / Odontology in Spain: towards the integration to the European high education space

The European Higher Education Space (EHES) is a project to harmonize all the European University systems in order that all of them will posses a homogeneous structure of undergraduate, graduate and post graduate studies. The time period established to implement this project is year 2010. The present paper describes the establishment of a new career degree model in Spain, the degree in Dentistry that started twenty years ago. Also it has been stated the number of the present Departments and Schools, the access system to Public University Schools of Spain, the evaluation system, and which are the new mechanisms incorporated in the Spanish University system to implement this integration to the EHEE. This is the moment to design the new master guidelines to obtain homogeneous career degrees that may imply more accessibility and mobility of students and professionals.

Synchronization of Bos indicus x Bos taurus cows for timed artificial insemination using gonadotropin-releasing hormone plus prostaglandin F2alpha in combination with melengestrol acetate.

Nonlactating Bos indicus x Bos taurus cows were used in three herds to determine the efficacy of different PGF2alpha treatments in combination with GnRH and melengestrol acetate (MGA) for a timed artificial insemination protocol. The start of the experiment was designated as d 0, at which time cows were assigned a body condition score and received 100 microg of GnRH. Cows were fed MGA (0.5 x mg x cow(-1) x d(-1)) on d 1 to 7. On d 7, cows received either a single injection of PGF2alpha (Lutalyse sterile solution; 25 mg; n = 297), a single injection of cloprostenol sodium (Estrumate; 500 microg; n = 297), or half the recommended dose of PGF2alpha (12.5 mg; n = 275) on d 7 and 8. On d 10, all cows were artificially inseminated and received 100 microg of GnRH. Pregnancy rates to the timed artificial insemination (39%) were not affected by treatment, herd, or treatment x herd. There was an effect (P < 0.01) of artificial insemination sire on timed artificial insemination pregnancy rate for one herd, but not the other two herds. Herd influenced (P < 0.05) 30-d pregnancy rates, but there were no treatment or treatment x herd effects as 72.3% of the cows became pregnant during the first 30 d of the breeding season. Results indicate that the type of PGF2alpha treatment administered 7 d after GnRH did not influence timed artificial insemination pregnancy rates in nonlactating Bos indicus x Bos taurus cows.