Stereoelectronic interactions are too weak to explain the molecular conformation in solid state of cis-2-tert-butyl-5-(tert-butylsulfonyl)-1,3-dioxane.

cis-2-tert-Butyl-5-(tert-butylsulfonyl)-1,3-dioxane (cis-1) exhibits a high degree of eclipsing in the H-C5-S-C segment in the solid state, the origin of which remains unexplained. The eclipsed conformation that corresponds to an energetic minimum in the solid state practically corresponds to a rotational transition state in solution, which allows an approach to understand transitions states. The difference in the enthalpy of sublimation ΔsubH between cis-1 and the more stable trans-1 is 8.40 kcal mol-1, lets to consider that the intermolecular interactions in the crystalline structure must be responsible for the conformational effect observed in the solid state. The study of the experimental electron density of cis-1 in solid state allowed to establish that CH⋯OS intermolecular interaction is the main contribution to the observed eclipsing. The charge density analysis was also performed using the quantum theory of atoms in molecules to evaluate the nature and relevance of the intermolecular interactions in the crystal structure.

Unique Hemoglobinopathy Pattern Following Treatment with Voxelotor.

OBJECTIVE: Voxelotor, a FDA-approved drug for the treatment of patients with sickle cell disease (SCD), inhibits hemoglobin S (HbS) polymerization and increases total hemoglobin via hemolysis reduction. This drug has shown unique patterns in hemoglobin fractionation, affecting its interpretation. We aimed to evaluate whether these voxelotor-induced changes can be linked to improvement of hemolysis markers in pediatric patients on voxelotor. METHODS: A total of 15 patients (age 12 to 20 years; 40% females) on voxelotor were evaluated to compare changes in the hemoglobin fractionation by capillary electrophoresis, total hemoglobin, reticulocyte percentage (retic%), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and bilirubin measurements before and after the recorded date of voxelotor prescription. RESULTS: Hemoglobin fractionation showed changes in the profile of 60% (9/15) of the patients studied. Out of the 9 patients for which voxelotor showed changes in the hemoglobin fractionation, 44% (4/9) had an increase of >1 g/dL in their total hemoglobin after voxelotor treatment was started. Assessment of other hemolysis markers available showed decreased LDH (4/4), retic % (6/8), and bilirubin (3/4). CONCLUSIONS: Unique pattern of hemoglobin fractionation analysis following therapy with voxelotor has potential as a tool for the assessment of response and/or compliance to voxelotor for the treatment of SCD.

Carcinoma of the rete testis: A rare testicular tumor.

Carcinoma of the rete testis is a rare malignant tumor which frequently occurs in middle-aged to older patients and has an aggressive biological behavior. We present the case of a 57-year-old man who presented with an ill-defined mass in the right testicle. The patient underwent a radical orchidectomy. Microscopic evaluation showed a neoplasm displaying a complex papillary-cystic architecture, infiltrating the testicular parenchyma. An in situ proliferation of neoplastic cells, with nuclear stratification and scanty cytoplasm was seen at the periphery, within the channels of the rete testis. The tumor infiltrated the tunica albuginea focally without disrupting it completely. Immunohistochemistry was positive for AE1/AE3, CK7, CK34ßE12, D2-40, and PAX8. Imaging studies presented no evidence of metastatic disease. These findings are those of a primary rete testis carcinoma. The transition between benign and neoplastic rete testis epithelium served as a helpful diagnostic clue. Metastatic carcinomas from other sites were considered in the differential diagnosis.

Variances in BCG protection against COVID-19 mortality: A global assessment.

The BCG vaccine is known to impart nonspecific immunological benefits alongside conferring protection to tuberculosis in endemic regions. It is also known to protect against bladder cancer and other respiratory tract infections. During the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, the BCG vaccine has gained attention due to its role in conferring protective immunity. We demonstrate the potential immunological protective mechanisms that play a role against COVID-19. We conduct a global assessment of the countries that have the highest and lowest mortality rates determined by an a priori methodology. Lastly, we discuss the potential limitations of incorporating BCG vaccines as potential strategies against COVID-19 and provide recommendations regarding their use in ongoing and future epidemics.

Managing Patient With Coexisting Emphysematous Pyelonephritis And Cystitis.

Emphysematous pyelonephritis (EPN) is a type of critical renal infection having dire consequences at times. It is said to be result of gases produced inside renal parenchymal tissue or pelvicalyceal system. Rarely coexistence of emphysematous pyelonephritis and emphysematous cystitis (EC) may lead to an intimidating condition in case it is not dealt with swiftly. The resent case report narrates the management of a 45-year-old female patient who suffered from EPN with concomitant EC. Right-sided emergency percutaneous nephrostomy was passed. Afterwards, Double J stent was passed under general anaesthesia. Although she had an initial improvement clinically but later on due to recurrent urinary tract infections and non-resolving right kidney abscess and fever right sided nephrectomy was done. This is a very rare presentation and has not previously reported much in literature.

Rotura de tendones rotulianos como complicación de mala técnica de aplicación de ondas de presión radial. Reporte de dos casos / Patellar ligament rupture as a complication of poor application technique of radial pressure wave therapy. Report of two cases

RESUMEN La tendinopatía rotuliana se caracteriza por dolor anterior de la rodilla localizado en el polo inferior de la rótula en la unión del tendón rotuliano. Esta es, a menudo, una condición discapacitante que limita la calidad de vida de los pacientes, afecta su capacidad para participar en deportes e incluso dificulta sus actividades cotidianas. El tratamiento de ondas de choque extracorpóreas (ESWT por sus siglas en inglés) ha sido reconocido como una alternativa prometedora y segura para el tratamiento de diversos trastornos musculoesqueléticos, incluida la tendinopatía rotuliana crónica. Sin embargo, existe evidencia limitada con respecto a sus efectos secundarios, en particular las lesiones de tendones asociadas con ESWT. Según el conocimiento de los autores, este es el primer artículo que demuestra evidencia clínica y radiológica de dos pacientes sin factores de riesgo que presentan desgarros parciales del tendón rotuliano después de haber recibido terapia de ondas de presión radiales, también conocida como terapia de ondas de choque radiales, como tratamiento para la tendinopatía rotuliana. El tratamiento con ondas de choque debe ser aplicada por profesionales debidamente capacitados para que se cumplan los requisitos específicos necesarios para garantizar una técnica de aplicación adecuada, minimizar los posibles efectos adversos y mejorar la seguridad del paciente.

ABSTRACT Patellar tendinopathy is characterized by anterior knee pain located at the lower pole of the patella at the junction of the patellar tendon. This is often a disabling condition that limits patients' quality of life, affects their ability to participate in sports, and even hinders their normal daily activities. Extracorporeal shock wave therapy (ESWT) has been recognized as a promising and safe alternative for the treatment of various musculoskeletal disorders - including chronic patellar tendinopathy. However, there is limited evidence regarding its side effects, in particular ESWT-associated tendon injuries. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first report demonstrating clinical and radiological evidence of two patients without known risk factors for partial patellar tendon tears that developed this condition after the application of radial pressure wave therapy - also known as radial shock wave therapy - for patellar tendinopathy. ESWT must be applied by properly trained professionals so that specific requirements needed to guarantee an appropriate application technique, minimize possible adverse effects, and improve patient safety could be met.

Rotura del tendón rotuliano como resultado de la terapia con ondas de choque radiales, para la tendinopatía rotuliana: Reporte de dos casos / Patellar Tendon Rupture After Radial Pressure Wave Therapy ­ Also Known As Radial Shock Wave Therapy ­ For Patellar Tendinopathy: Report Of Two Cases

La tendinopatía rotuliana se caracteriza por dolor anterior de la rodilla localizado en el polo inferior de la rótula en la unión del tendón rotuliano. Esta es, a menudo, una condición discapacitante que limita la calidad de vida de los pacientes, afecta su capacidad para participar en deportes e incluso dificulta sus actividades cotidianas. El tratramiento de ondas de choque extracorpóreas (ESWT por sus siglas en inglés) ha sido reconocido como una alternativa prometedora y segura para el tratamiento de diversos trastornos musculoesqueléticos, incluida la tendinopatía rotuliana crónica. Sin embargo, existe evidencia limitada con respecto a sus efectos secundarios, en particular las lesiones de tendones asociadas con ESWT. Según el conocimiento de los autores, este es el primer artículo que demuestra evidencia clínica y radiológica de dos pacientes sin factores de riesgo que presentan desgarros parciales del tendón rotuliano después de haber recibido terapia de ondas de presión radiales, también conocida como terapia de ondas de choque radiales, como tratamiento para la tendinopatía rotuliana. El tratamiento con ondas de choque debe ser aplicada por profesionales debidamente capacitados para que se cumplan los requisitos específicos necesarios para garantizar una técnica de aplicación adecuada, minimizar los posibles efectos adversos y mejorar la seguridad del paciente.

Patellar tendinopathy is characterized by anterior knee pain located at the lower pole of the patella at the junction of the patellar tendon. This is often a disabling condition that limits patients' quality of life, affects their ability to participate in sports, and even hinders their normal daily activities. Extracorporeal shock wave therapy (ESWT) has been recognized as a promising and safe alternative for the treatment of various musculoskeletal disorders ­ including chronic patellar tendinopathy. However, there is limited evidence regarding its side effects, in particular ESWT-associated tendon injuries. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first report demonstrating clinical and radiological evidence of two patients without known risk factors for partial patellar tendon tears that developed this condition after the application of radial pressure wave therapy - also known as radial shock wave therapy - for patellar tendinopathy. ESWT must be applied by properly trained professionals so that specific requirements needed to guarantee an appropriate application technique, minimize possible adverse effects, and improve patient safety could be met.

Terapia con plasma de convaleciente para pacientes con COVID-19: Revisión de la literatura / Plasma Convalescent Therapy For COVID-19 Patients: A Literature Review

La enfermedad del coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) causada por la infección por el nuevo coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) ha creado una pandemia que ha llevado a una lucha mundial para hacer frente al gran número de personas infectadas, muchas de las cuales requieren cuidados intensivos. Hasta la fecha, no existe un tratamiento antivirus específico para COVID-19. El uso de transfusiones de plasma de convalecientes podría ser de gran valor en la pandemia actual. Los pacientes con SRAS-CoV-2 recuperados recientemente que pueden ser donantes adecuados se someten a aféresis para obtener plasma de convalecencia que contenga anticuerpos con títulos elevados, siempre que cumplan los criterios de donación de sangre. En esta revisión, resumimos la literatura existente sobre el plasma convaleciente como una opción terapéutica para COVID-19. Es importante señalar que es necesario estudiar más a fondo el momento adecuado para la administración de plasma de convalecencia y la gravedad de sus efectos adversos. El plasma de convalecencia ofrece la posibilidad de convertirse en una opción de tratamiento prometedora inmediata al evaluar los medicamentos existentes y desarrollar nuevas vacunas y terapias específicas.

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) infection has created a pandemic leading to a global struggle to cope with the sheer numbers of infected persons, many of whom require intensive care support. To date, there is no specific antivirus treatment for COVID-19. The use of convalescent plasma transfusions could be of great value in the current pandemic. Recently recovered SARS-CoV-2 patients who may be suitable donors undergo apheresis in order to obtain convalescent plasma containing high-titer antibodies, granted they meet blood donation criteria. In this review, we summarize existing literature around convalescent plasma as a therapeutic option for COVID-19. It is important to note that the appropriate timing on convalescent plasma administration and the severity of its adverse effects needs to be further studied. Convalescent plasma provides the potential to render an immediate promising treatment option while evaluating existing drugs and developing new specific vaccines and therapies.

Lesión del nervio cubital secundario a terapia de ondas de choque extracorpóreas radiales identificada con ultrasonografía de alta resolución: Reporte de caso / Ulnar Nerve Injury After Radial Extracorporeal Shock Wave Therapy Identified With High­Resolution Ultrasonography: Case Report

Mujer de 49 años fue evaluada por desarrollar dolor súbito a nivel de los epicóndilos mediales conjuntamente con entumecimiento y sensación de hormigueo en el cuarto y quinto dedos después de recibir terapia de ondas de choque extracorpóreas radiales (rESWT) como tratamiento para epicondilitis medial bilateral. El examen neurológico reveló signo de Tinel positivo, parestesia y una prueba de discriminación de dos puntos alterada sobre la región cubital del cuarto y quinto dedos. La ultrasonografía de alta resolución demostró hallazgos de lesión nerviosa periférica tales como hipoecogenicidad y aumento del diámetro de ambos nervios cubitales. La paciente mejoró únicamente tras recibir tratamiento conservador, demostrando así una aparente neuropatía compresiva bilateral aguda como resultado de la terapia. ESWT se utiliza como una alternativa prometedora para el tratamiento de diversos trastornos musculoesqueléticos; sin embargo, existe evidencia limitada con respecto a sus efectos secundarios, en particular la mononeuropatía periférica. Según el conocimiento de los autores, este es el primer reporte que demuestra un daño nervioso estructural después de rESWT con el uso de ultrasonografía de alta resolución.

A 49-year old woman was evaluated for developing bilateral acute medial elbow pain, numbness, and tingling sensation in the fourth and fifth fingers after receiving radial extracorporeal shock wave therapy (rESWT) for bilateral medial epicondylitis. Neurologic examination revealed the presence of Tinel's sign, paresthesia and impaired two-point discrimination testing over the ulnar side of the fourth and fifth fingers bilaterally. High-resolution ultrasonography demonstrated findings of nerve injury, such as hypoechogenicity and increased diameter of both ulnar nerves. After conservative treatment, the patient improved her condition demonstrating an apparently acute compressive nerve injury as a result of the therapy. ESWT is used as a promising alternative for the treatment of various musculoskeletal disorders; however, there is limited evidence regarding its side effects, in particular peripheral mononeuropathy. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first report demonstrating structural damage of a nerve after rESWT with the use of high-resolution ultrasonography.

Experimental and theoretical study of the role of CH/π interactions in the aminolysis reaction of acetyl galactoside.

Molecular recognition of saccharides is a growing field, which has many implications in cancer therapy, drug discovery, and cellular communication among others. The participation of CH/π interactions in this event is well known. Nevertheless, the intrinsic role of CH/π for modulating chemical reactions is still far from being applicable. In this experimental and computational work we have evaluated the participation of CH/π interactions in the aminolysis reaction of acetyl galactoside promoted with different 6-substituted 2(1H)-pyridones. Two features have been incorporated to the promoter molecular structure, on one end the promoting pyridone group and on the other end the recognition moiety, joined together by an alkyne spacer. The small increment in the observed pseudo-first-order rate constant values (kobs) was related to the stability of the transition state provided by noncovalent interactions, including CH/π interactions. A longer alkyne spacer was necessary to improve the molecular recognition of the galactoside substrate. The trend of the calculated activation energy values (ΔERTS) was in good accordance with the experimental rate constant values.

Anterior chamber depth measurement using ultrasound to assess elevated intraocular pressure.

Increased anterior chamber pressure also known as intraocular pressure can result from conditions such as glaucoma and trauma. The pressure in the anterior chamber is measured using tonometer. Measurement of the intraocular pressure is essential, as it requires immediate medical attention to alleviate pain and to avoid temporary or permanent damage to intraocular structures. Bedside ocular ultrasound (US) has gained popularity in recent years. It has been used to assess intracranial pressure via optic nerve sheath diameter (ONSD) and evaluate retinal detachment, vitreous hemorrhage, or pupillary reflex in a trauma patient. We report 2 cases of patients with glaucoma and a case of a patient with trauma to the eye with swelling. Anterior chamber depth measurement was conducted and compared with measurements of intraocular pressure (IOP) using a tonometer.

Capabilities and limitations of dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction with solidification of floating organic drop for the extraction of organic pollutants from water samples.

Dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction with solidification of floating organic drop (DLLME-SFO) is one of the most interesting sample preparation techniques developed in recent years. Although several applications have been reported, the potentiality and limitations of this simple and rapid extraction technique have not been made sufficiently explicit. In this work, the extraction efficiency of DLLME-SFO for pollutants from different chemical families was determined. Studied compounds include: 10 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, 5 pesticides (chlorophenoxy herbicides and DDT), 8 phenols and 6 sulfonamides, thus, covering a large range of polarity and hydrophobicity (LogKow 0-7, overall). After optimization of extraction conditions using 1-dodecanol as extractant, the procedure was applied for extraction of each family from 10-mL spiked water samples, only adjusting sample pH as required. Absolute recoveries for pollutants with LogKow 3-7 were >70% and recovery values within this group (18 compounds) were independent of structure or hydrophobicity; the precision of recovery was very acceptable (RSD<12%) and linear behavior was observed in the studied concentration range (r(2)>0.995). Extraction recoveries for pollutants with LogKow 1.46-2.8 were in the range 13-62%, directly depending on individual LogKow values; however, good linearity (r(2)>0.993) and precision (RSD<6.5%) were also demonstrated for these polar solutes, despite recovery level. DLLME-SFO with 1-dodecanol completely failed for extraction of compounds with LogKow≤1 (sulfa drugs), other more polar extraction solvents (ionic liquids) should be explored for highly hydrophilic pollutants.