ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Modern pentathlon comprises five sports: fencing, swimming, equestrian jumping, and a combined event of pistol shooting and running. Despite the expected high energy demand of this sport, there are few studies that provide support for the nutritional recommendations for pentathletes. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate young modern pentathlon athletes with respect to body composition, biochemical profile, and consumption of food and supplements. METHODS: Fifty-six young modern pentathletes aged 13.5 ± 2.4 years participated in the study: 22 adolescent girls and 34 adolescent boys, weight 55.8 ± 13.3 kg, height 1.6 ± 0.1 m, and body fat 21.1 ± 3.1 %. Food consumption was analyzed through a 24-h recall method and food-frequency questionnaire. Assessment of body composition was carried out by checking anthropometric measures (body mass, height, and skinfolds) and using protocols according to participants' age and sexual maturity. RESULTS: Male participants consumed less energy than the general recommendations for athletes from the American Dietetic Association (2749 ± 1024 kcal vs. 3113 ± 704 kcal, p < 0.01), whereas female participants consumed more energy than those recommendations (2558 ± 808 kcal vs. 2213 ± 4734 kcal, p < 0.01). Neither young men nor young women followed the carbohydrate intake recommendations for athletes (6.3 ± 2.5 g/kg/day and 6.6 ± 2.2 g/kg/day, respectively). Lipid and protein intakes corresponded to recommendations for both sexes; however, insufficient intakes of calcium, fruits, and vegetables were seen, as well as frequent consumption of baked goods and sugared soft drinks. CONCLUSIONS: Adolescent modern pentathlon athletes presented inadequate eating habits with respect to consumption of carbohydrates and energy. Many participants had insufficient intake of micronutrients, especially calcium. However, future research is needed that is aimed at elucidating the real nutritional demands for good physical performance in this sport and the impact of inadequate eating habits on performance, especially among young athletes who are in the growth-stage years and are exposed to intense physical exercise routines.
Subject(s)
Athletes , Diet , Dietary Supplements , Eating/physiology , Energy Intake/physiology , Energy Metabolism/physiology , Adolescent , Athletes/psychology , Attitude to Health , Body Composition , Brazil/epidemiology , Competitive Behavior , Cross-Sectional Studies , Dietary Carbohydrates , Dietary Fats , Dietary Fiber , Female , Fruit , Humans , Male , Micronutrients , Sports Nutritional Physiological Phenomena , VegetablesABSTRACT
PURPOSE: The accurate estimative of energy needs is crucial for an optimal physical performance among athletes and the basal metabolic rate (BMR) equations often are not well adjusted for adolescent athletes requiring the use of specific methods, such as the golden standard indirect calorimetry (IC). Therefore, we had the aim to analyse the agreement between the BMR of adolescents pentathletes measured by IC and estimated by commonly used predictive equations. METHODS: Twenty-eight athletes (17 males and 11 females) were evaluated for BMR, using IC and the predictive equations Harris and Benedict (HB), Cunningham (CUN), Henry and Rees (HR) and FAO/WHO/UNU (FAO). Body composition was obtained using DXA and sexual maturity data were retrieved through validated questionnaires. The correlations among anthropometric variables an IC were analysed by T-student test and ICC, while the agreement between IC and the predictive equations was analysed according to Bland and Altman and by survival-agreement plotting. RESULTS: The whole sample average BMR measured by IC was significantly different from the estimated by FAO (p<0.05). Adjusting data by gender FAO and HR equations were statistically different from IC (p <0.05) among males, while female differed only for the HR equation (p <0.05). CONCLUSION: The FAO equation underestimated athletes' BMR when compared with IC (T Test). When compared to the golden standard IC, using Bland and Altman, ICC and Survival-Agreement, the equations underestimated the energy needs of adolescent pentathlon athletes up to 300kcal/day. Therefore, they should be used with caution when estimating individual energy requirements in such populations.
Subject(s)
Athletes , Basal Metabolism , Biochemical Phenomena , Body Composition , Calorimetry, Indirect/methods , Adolescent , Child , Female , Humans , Male , Survival AnalysisABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To assess the influence of carbohydrate and added pea protein concentrate supplementation on muscle recovery after a military operation called Leader's Reaction Test. METHODS: Twenty-four soldiers from the Brazilian Army were divided into three equal groups (n=8). They received either carbohydrate (0.8.g/kg body weight/h), carbohydrate+carbohydrate (1.0.g/kg body weight/h), or carbohydrate+protein (0.8 g/kg body weight/h of carbohydrate + 0.2 g/kg body weight/h of protein), immediately, 60, and 120 minutes after the Leader’s Reaction Test. Prior, immediately after and 24 hours after the Leader’s Reaction Test, maximal isometric strength and body composition were assessed. Blood samples were also collected for later analysis of concentrations of lactate dehydrogenase and creatine kinase. RESULTS: Twenty-four hours after the Leader's Reaction Test, maximal creatine kinase levels were significantly lower than its levels immediately after (501.00 ± 422.09 versus 275.29 ± 242.08 U/L (carbohydrate); 616.88 ± 291.45 versus 334.57 ± 191.61 U/L (carbohydrate+carbohydrate); and 636.75 ± 340.67 versus 382.88 ± 234.42 U/L (carbohydrate+protein), p=0.004). The maximal isometric strength and lactate dehydrogenase levels were not significantly different during the time trials. CONCLUSION: The present findings suggest that carbohydrate+protein co-ingestion did not improve the recovery of muscle function nor did it attenuate post-exercise muscle damage markers over carbohydrate alone. .
OBJETIVO: Avaliar a influência da suplementação com carboidratos adicionada ao concentrado proteico de ervilha na recuperação muscular, após uma operação militar prática chamada Teste de Reação de Líderes. MÉTODOS: Vinte e quatro soldados do Exército Brasileiro foram divididos em três grupos iguais (n=8). Eles receberam a suplementação com carboidrato (0,8 g/kg de peso corporal/h) ou carboidrato mais carboidrato (1,0 g/kg de peso corporal/h) ou carboidrato mais proteína (0,8 g/kg de peso corporal/h de carboidrato + 0.2 g/kg de peso corporal/h de proteína), imediatamente, 60 e 120 minutos após o Teste de Reação de Líderes. Avaliaram-se a força isométrica máxima e a composição corporal antes do Teste de Reação de Líderes, imediatamente após e 24 horas após o teste. Amostras de sangue foram coletadas para análise posterior das concentrações de lactato desidrogenase e creatina quinase. RESULTADOS: Vinte e quatro horas após o Teste de Reação de Líderes, as concentrações de creatina quinase estavam significativamente reduzidas em comparação ao momento imediatamente posterior (501.00 ± 422,09 versus 275.29 ± 242.08 U/L (carboidrato); 616.88 ± 291,45 versus 334.57 ± 191,61 U/L (carboidrato+carboidrato) e 636.75 ± 340.67 versus 382.88 ± 234,42 U/L (carboidrato+proteína), p=0,004). A força isométrica máxima e os níveis de lactato desidrogenase não foram significativamente diferentes em nenhum momento. CONCLUSÃO: Os resultados sugerem que, em comparação à ingestão do carboidrato isoladamente, a coingestão de carboidrato e proteína não melhora a recuperação da função muscular nem atenua a liberação ...
